Sociology Ch8: Institutional Racism

Institutional Discrimination

wide spread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others

Racism

Term that refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups

Racial segragation

sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods

Hypersegregation

residential segregation so extreme that many people's daily lives involve little or not contact with people of other races

White fight

organized white resistance to integration

White flight

phenomenon in which White people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in

Redlining

practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority neighborhoods

Resource deserts

places that lack beneficial or critical amenities

Exs:

- care deserts

- service deserts

- food deserts

- green deserts

Environmental racism

exposing racial & ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people

Meritocracy

value as human beings based on arbitrary measurement of achievement

Achievement gaps

Definition:

disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students

Why does this happen:

- half of school funding in the United States comes from taxes paid by local property owners

- children living in expensive neighborhoods get expensive education and children living in poverty get poor education

Education who advantages/who disadvantages

white/wealthy students advantage and non-white/poor ones disadvantage

Tracking

practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability

Adultificiation

form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children

Social consequences of racial oppression

- environmental racism

- achievement gaps

- tracking

- adultification

Cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage

phenomenon in which people are positively/negatively served across multiple institutions

Cumulative advantage and disadvantage

advantage/ disadvantage that builds over the life course

Intergenerational advantage and disadvantage

advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children

Structural violence

institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind