AP World Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires

From which time period is this unit from?

C. 1450-1750

Which three empires expanded from Gunpowder?

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires

Where did the Ottomans spread/conquer?

Conquered Constantinople (Remainder of Roman empire) and renamed it to Istanbul, spreading further into Eastern Europe

How did the Ottomans build their militia as they conquered?

They enslaved and trained Christian boys who they eventually converted to Islam and were extremely loyal (Devshirme System, Janissaries)

How did the Safavids build their militia as they conquered?

Lacked in natural defensive areas, so built up military strongly with enslaved army of Christians

Similarities between Safavid and Ottoman empires?

Humble beginnings, rapid expansion, elite enslaved military forces, both Muslim

Main difference between Safavid and Ottoman empires?

Ottomans were Sunni, Safavids were Shi’a, fought over religion

Which religion were Mughals? What conflict did that lead to?

Muslim, Sunni - Safavid-Mughal Conflict as Safavids were Shi’a, no clear victor

How was Akbar the Great more progressive/successful?

He was extremely religiously tolerant which unified and helped to expand the empire. Mughal Empire became most prosperous due to his policy.

Where was the Mughal empire located?

South and central asian areas

Where was the Ottoman empire located?

European areas

Where was the Safavid Empire located?

Middle Eastern areas

Who ruled the Qing Dynasty?

Manchu took over after Ming and ruled over the Han; established Qing Dynasty, which expanded military and dominated using gunpowder

What is a Bureaucracy?

Thousands of govt. officials that ensure laws are enforced; complex system to maintain order

What is the divine rights of kings (legitimizing rule through religion)?

Rulers claimed to be God’s representative on Earth, strong with Christian populations in Europe

How did the Qing dynasty use art to legitimize rule?

Emperor hung imperial portraits of himself around cities and was surrounded by Confucian books, convincing the Han population he was wise therefore justified

How did the Incas use Kuzco to legitimize rule?

Covered in gold walls and adorned with gold statues and artwork, religious festivals held here and therefore legitimized power via religion, art, architecture, etc

How did the Palace of Versailles legitimize rule?

Used to transfer power to Louis the Fourteenth in France by requiring nobility to live in palace and compete for attention

How and where was the Zamindar system used to legitimize rule and consolidate power?

Mughal Empire: Elite landowners were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land. Became corrupt and skimmed money.

How and where was the Tax farming system used to legitimize rule and consolidate power?

Ottoman Empire: Right to tax subjects was awarded to highest bidder; gained rights to tax a certain group of people

How and where were Tribute lists used to legitimize rule and consolidate power?

Incas: Once conquering a place, they sent lists of what needed to be sent to the empire as tribute for living under their authority

What was the protestant reformation?

Split of the Roman Catholic church into different branches across Europe

Who was Martin Luther?

Catholic Monk who hated Roman Catholic practices because they weren’t in the bible/scriptures were misinterpreted. Created 95 Theses and nailed it to the church doors

What is Simony?

Act of buying into the positions of power in the church

What is the sale of indulgences?

Act in which you could pay to get sins forgiven

How did the Catholic church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

Created the Council of Trent. which cleaned out corruption but still insisted they were the correct branch of Christianity

What was a main cause of the aggressive split between branches of Islam?

Safavid Empire adhered to Shi’a Islam and became at odds with Sunni Muslim Empires; Sunni Muslims who resisted were slaughtered, people often disgraced anything Sunni

What was Sikhism a blend of?

Blending of Hindu and Islamic doctrines

Continuities in Sikhism?

Demonstrated continuities such as monotheism, cycle of reincarnation and death

Changes in Sikhism?

Demonstrated changes such as the abolition of gender hierarchies of Islam and caste system of Hinduism