POLI 283- ALL Modules After Mid-Term #2

There is no backdoor excuse for violating what type of law?

Laws of Aggression

There is treaty law around the laws of _______________.

Aggression

What are the FOUR Diplomatic Dispute Resolutions? What are they offered by?

Offered by the U.N Charter:

1) Negotiate Informally

2) Good Office (UN Secretariat-> Facilitates negotiation)

3) Mediation-> Where third party gets involved (Ex: US and Iran)

4) Arbitration-> Parties set up their own tribunal to set up disputes. (Settle one particular issue)

Sanctions are supposed to go through what UN body?

The Security Council.

Who can be held accountable for violating International Criminal Law? What can they be held responsible for?

The Individual.

1) Leaders can be criminally responsible for crimes they ordered.

2) Responsible for crimes committed by their subordinates. (unless leaders tried to prevent the crimes or punish perpetrators)

3) Obeying orders is not a valid defence for having committed atrocities.

What are the international crimes where individuals are held responsible? (4)

1) Genocide

2) Crimes against humanity

3) War Crimes

4) Crimes of Aggression

Shooting a POW is an example of what type of violation?

Violation of War Crime.

What is Universal Jurisdiction?

Any jurisdiction can assume jurisdiction over the 4 Internationally recognized crimes.

What have been Universally Ratified?

The Four Geneva Conventions.

The Geneva Conventions have been incorporated into International _____________ ______________.

Customary Law

What are the Two Regimes in International Law?

??? TBD

What are some Key Critical Junctures in International Law?

Peace of Westphalia--> Showed the beginning of interstate system, led to international law.

Consent of Europe--> (1815-1914) Napoleonic wars etc, showed that after major chaotic events states tend to stick together.

- Causes further development of IGO's

Treaty of Versailles (post WW1)- Treaty that ended WW1

League of Nations--> Came after treaty of Versailles

Kellog-Briand Pact--> Agreement to outlaw war. (attempted to get all states on board)

The League of Nations is known as the predecessor to the _________ ___________.

United Nations. an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. - Failed

The failure of what Two Organizations led to WW2?

The failure of the League of Nations and Kellog-Briand Pact led to WW2.

What treaty was more successful at outlawing war than the Kellog-Briand pact and League of Nations?

The UN Charter.

- Statehood and UN Membership

What is known as the Primary Political and Economic Infrastructure?

UN: Bretton Woods Institutions- IMF and World Bank

What are based off the fact that International law mitigates great power politics?

IGO's

IGO's (like the UN) create and mitigate what?

Create further economic Interdependence to mitigate the system of international anarchy.

If it was up to the ILC, all International Law would be...?

Hard.

What did the Post Cold War Period see? (3 Main Points)

- Growth of legal international law

- International Human Rights Law

- Globalization, particularly economic;Has created thousands of bilateral agreements between countries.

International Law was Initially just about what?

facilitating order amongst STATES. (in its mandate)

How is International Law Changing?

1) Other actors participate in International Law. (no longer just about states facilitating order amongst themselves)

3) Questioning the legitimacy of international powers. (BREXIT)

2) Primarily it is facilitative, but it is becoming more and more regulatory.

Who is responsible for the "Wealth of Nations"?

Adam Smith.

Post Great Depression, there was a significant rise in what?

Rise of Communist and Fascist Regimes.

- ^Political Polarization^

What is International Investment/Foreign Investment? What does it cause?

International investing means holding securities issued by companies or governments outside an investor's home country. Through global investment, portfolios are more diversified and may enhance returns and reduce portfolio risk.

- Causes less economic sovereignty EX: If OPEC decided to turn oil taps on or off Canada would be affected.

FDI and Monetary Relations relate to what type of Investment?

International Investments. (Globalizations has blown this up)

What is FDI? What are its main points?

FDI= Foreign Direct Investment

- When foreign companies invest

- Quantity Relations

- Major Tech companies, Invest at the click of a button

What are Monetary Relations? How much Currency Crosses International Borders Daily?

The different modes in which countries, nations, etc., are brought together by financial, currency, or pecuniary interests. Much of the flow is international currency exchange.

- About 5 Trillion Dollars.

What makes Monetary Relations a Good Thing?

Since the majority of the 5 Trillion dollars exchanged through international borders daily is currency exchange, it makes more economic stability. (which is good for politics)

What are some ways the Global Economic Economy Affects us?

- Affects the things we buy

- Inflation is a transnational issue

- Very hard to buy local

- Intermestic Beings; What happens at the international level impacts us on a daily basis.

Establishing an Institution of Trade Relations relates to what Int. Relations Theory? and why?

Liberalism.

- Open trade and integration is a good thing→ Mitigating effects of anarchy

- Free trade→ Open trade of goods and services of countries with minimal drawbacks. (tariffs)

- Lowering government subsidies. → Subsidize agriculture in Canada.

What Int. Theory would see Tariffs and Subsidies as a negative thing? Why?

Tariffs and subsidies are seen as constraints to free trade in the global economy according to liberalists.

Economic processes in the competition of states relates to what Int. Relations Theory? and why?

States using market actors to their advantage (economics is linked to power).

Realists→ Distribution of military capabilities.

Economic Nationalism pairs with what Int. Theory best? Why?

Realism.

Economic Nationalism--> further national interests.

Economic Nationalism —> What they can get out of it first.

Where do we see power institutionalized in world politics?

- Bretton Woods Institutions

- Global North Countries (Most voting power)- They are the ones who create Global Development Policy

The IMF and World Bank Roughly Equate Economic Size and Strength to what? What countries have only 29% of all votes?

Voting strength in the International System.

World Bank- US has 16% Voting power

IMF- US has 17% Voting power

Smaller countries only have 29% of all the votes in the Bretton Woods Institutions.

With Power Institutionalized in the UN Security Council, who are the 5 Permanent members with Veto Power?

US, China, France, UK, Russia.

What are the Key points of each Organization (They have a large amount of Institutionalized power): IMF, World Bank, UN Security Council, NATO, OECD.

IMF-

World Bank-

UN Security Council-

NATO-

OECD-

(UN Plays a central role)

What are the 3 Forms of International Power?

1) Structural Power

2) Instrumental Power

3) Ideological Power

Institutionalized power reflects what Main Form if INT. Power?

Structural Power.

What is Issue Area Governance? What are some examples?

Issue specific areas of global governance.

- Different actors, institutions, govern things like human rights, economy, int. Trade, nuclear non-proliferation.

EX: OECD

- UN is involved in every area of governance

Examples of Sub-Regimes?

Children's rights, women's rights, food and security, refugee rights, indigenous rights.

What is the Head of the Economic Regime in the International System?

Bretton Woods institutions are central to the global economy.

Sets int. Economic agenda

- Lending

- International economic agenda

What is the UNDP? What does it stand for?

UNDP= United Nations Development Programme.

Established in 1965 to help underdeveloped states develop institutional strategy. (Decolonization period of the 1960's)

- UN more facilitative/global role

What is ECOSOC? Who determines its Members?

Economic and Social Council (of the UN).

- responsible for promoting higher standards of living, full employment, and economic and social progress, etc.

- Has specialized agencies like the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND)

- UN General Assembly determines ECOSOC's members.

What is still at the top of the global agenda?

Global Economic Policy

What is economic liberalism?

the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities. In politics, the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism and neoliberalism.

- To act morally towards individual freedoms

What is the essence of Liberal Philosophy?

The Individual.

What is a liberal democracy? What would a Neoliberal want in regards to government involvement in the economy?

the political system driven by individual.

- Free market capitalism is economic liberalism.

A Neoliberal would want as little government involvement as possible

Economic system based on the distribution of goods

Moral strength to individualism and competition

What existed most in the International System BEFORE Capitalism?

Mercantilism and Feudalism--> The economy was aligned to the motivates of society.

- Argued the change towards capitalism was a huge change regarding how our society operates

- ^Markets no longer operate to the motives of society

Competition and free-trade symbolize what type of Liberalism?

Classical Liberalism.

- Post WW2

- 1950's and 60's were the "Golden Age" of development.

Neoliberalism is Reflected in??

Todays Global Political Economy.

- market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers" and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state influence in the economy.

- Great Depression, 2007-2008 global recession

- Adam Smith and Karl Marx

What is Embedded Liberalism?

Economics set to prolong saving capitalism from itself. → Saw a rise in communist and fascist regimes,

- NOT changing the blow but softening the blow of economic downfalls. EI, Job protections,

The Minimization of the Public Sectors Role in Economy Reflects Which Theory?

Neoliberal Institutionalism.

- Emphasis on private property and the protection of it

Neo liberals see the role of the state as wanting to be minimal but not gone entirely.

The 2007-2008 Economic Crisis Was An Example of What kind of Polarization ?

Political/Socioeconomic Polarization.

Economic Realism Gives Insight into what Theory?

Dependancy Theory.

- Major challenge to the dominance of the global system→ BRICS, southeast asia, China. Intentionally undermine western role in Global

- Call for redistribution of global wealth

- South states prefer NDB over the IMF and World Bank

- Belt and Road Initiative

There has been a significant DECLINE in _____-state wars since WW2, and a significant INCREASE in _____-state wars since WW2.

There has been a significant DECLINE in INTERstate wars since WW2, and a significant INCREASE in INTRA state wars since WW2.

- Identity based, security based threats, existential threats, territorial expansion, scarcity resources, competing interests.

(Inter is used when referring to something “between” two or more than two places or groups. Intra is used to indicate something that is happening “within” the same group or place.)

Which theory/s help us understand the following: Ideological Conflict and Competing Self-interest

Ideological conflict is best understood using Constructivism.

Competing self-interest is best understood using Realism.

- Foundations of INT. relations is to understand conflict, use theory to understand it, and furthermore, to prevent it.

________ facilitated NATO, the EU, League of Nations, and the UN Charter.

War

What are the two main engagements between political entities?

Trade and Conflict.

Basic realist explanation for conflict→ Competing self-interests.

What Theory Reflects: "Our self interest is just our ideas. What we perceive about our self-interest will change."

Constructivism.

How would Liberal international relations theorists explain war?

Caused by the inverse of what they want to happen. Lack of interdependence and failure of international institutions causes war and conflict.

Who was Carl Von Clausewitz?

Earliest war philosopher. War is a continuation of policy by other means. Inevitability. We may argue to use war instrumentally, as a means towards some other end.

Which type of theorist would justify war and conflict as a way to correct a violation of int law? What type of theorist would argue that war is inevitable?

Liberal.

- Democratic Peace Theory

Realist.

- Competing interests and self-interest

The UN Charter is the basis of what? Explain

The UN charter is the BASIS for the laws of aggression. Even if you aren't a member of the UN Charter, the Laws of Aggression are customary international law.

What are some ways we mitigate war?

- Increasing interdependence amongst actors

- Resource interdependence (hasn't necessarily curbed war)

- Balance of power

-(Cold war MAD→ Kenneth Waltz argued cold war was safest time in modern era. Some realists hegemonic powers can be most stable)

In 2022, what could be a balance strategy?

Increase allies, spheres of influence, spread out material capabilities.

What are some examples of IntER state wars? What are some examples of IntRA state wars?

IntER--> International wars- WW1 and WW2, Iraq-Iran.

IntRA--> Syria. Civil wars become internationalized. Outside actors in Syria wars. → Syria, forced displacement, worst out of any population since post WW period.

- South Sudan

What are factors of Legitimacy vs. Legality? How does Ukraine and Russia tie into it?

- In international law you have to be under attack to act.

- War-prevention movements are still not recognized.

- Offensive military action against a perceived threat, pre-emptive threat.

- Many argue that Russia's military actions in Ukraine are preventative to Ukraine joining NATO.

Instrumental power leads to what type of war?

Asymmetrical War.

Asymmetric conflicts→ War fought between two sides with significantly different military capabilities

Russia being supported by India and China is an example of what type of power?

Structural Power.

- Usually when you're on the defense the matter is more existential

What are proxy wars? What are some examples?

A war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved.

- America was main belligerent in Afghanistan

- Cold war= Proxy conflicts. EX: Angola→ Proxy conflict

- US and Russia supporting separate sides to administer their influence

Explain Armed Conflict and some still going on today.

The prolonged combat between military forces between one government and military group. Use of physical violence, armed conflict can be according to numbers/casualties.

- Mexican drug war (350,000+ people)

- Western Sahara, Saudi intervention in - - Yemen (370,000 direct conflicts),

-Cashmere

- Israel Palestine conflict

- annexation of Crimea

- Syria (half a million dead) major internationalized conflict

- Tigray war

- Iraq since 20003 (325,000-1.2 million)

- ISIS

- Somalia (500,000)

- South Sudan

Old Wars (vs) New Wars

Old Wars- those that were fought by and through the state.

New Wars- Identity fueled, remittances, organized crime, transnational, cyber warfare, population displacement, organized criminal activity has increased. Part of changing warfare today is a rise in major humanitarian crises.

What has drastically changed war and conflict, and changed the terrain of warfare?

Globalization.

- Changing nature of armed conflict since second WW

Armed conflict and proxy wars increased by 3x during what war?

The Cold War.

- Since end of cold war, armed conflict slowed down significantly

What are companies involved in/profit off war called?

Mercenaries. (gun for hire)

- Blackwater

What are the key characteristics of terrorism?

- Aimed at civilians a lot of the time (not always)

- Usually conducted by smaller groups

- Usually used in asymmetrical warfare but state sponsored terrorism is also prominent

- Use tactics

- Not synonymous with the use of violence

- acts of political violence used to instill fear to a particular population

What are the main three objectives of terrorists?

1) Demoralize a particular position

2) Cause fear and instability

3) Provoke a reaction

- Often used to promote an extremist ideology or opposing ideology

What was popularized in 1789? What are some examples of Modern Terrorism?

Terrorism.

- state based terrorism, public beheadings to stoke revolution.

Modern Terrorism:

- Iran announcing the execution of protestors

Black September (Munich Massacre)

What are some main counter-terrorism measures in the international system?

- Passing anti terrorism laws

- 19 international instruments against terrorism:

12 were created post Cold War

7 during Cold War

Difficult to facilitate multilateral actions against international terrorism

What happened in the post 9/11 era?

- Increase in multilateral responses to terrorism

- UN security council put orders on the international community after 9/11.

- CTC: Countering the use of new and emerging technologies for terrorist organizations.

- UN Security Council Resolution 1373

- America's Unilateral approach → Afghanistan, Somalia , Yemen, Libya, Syria.

- War on Terrorism

- Going to war with a process/tactic over a particular terrorist group.

Post 9/11, what are some examples of wars on processes?

- War on Drugs, War on International Crime, War on Terrorism.

How did the Bush administration discredit America's influence and legitimacy?

- Justified decrease in citizens sovereignty because of "state security threats"→ Patriot act (American peoples rights)

- Bushes "war on terrorism"> Al Qaeda successful in reducing American International Hegemony?

- Should we start curbing civil liberties to fight terrorism?

How/why has US counterterrorism created more threats?

America fired everyone in public institutions→ Huge population pissed off. Start taking up arms→ ISIS

What other threats in our world is terrorism compared to?

Food insecurity issue

Water insecurity

Forms of insecurity

Security dilemma→ Nuclear weapons dilemma (creates both security and insecurity)

CMSS

What does humanitarian intervention and human rights law jeopardize?

Humanitarian intervention (Individual) jeopardizes the sovereignty of the state level.

Efforts to increase international security may to what as a result?

These efforts may impede on the sovereignty of some states in the international system.

What is security? How much money goes towards National Security in the international system?

Absence or mitigation of threats to our survival or safety.

- 21 billion

What was the 2018 combined total of military spending?

1.8 Trillion.

- Numbers don't necessarily translate to capabilities

What is securitization?

Something that wasn't necessarily seen as a security issue has become a security issue.

- Climate change

- Refugees

- After 9/11 securitize non-white migration

What is the security dilemma? Why doesn't Canada engage in a security dilemma?

Actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state's security.

- Canada bandwagons. Canada has an American industrial complex.

^^Realism helps understand this

What is the only body that can authorize legitimate use of force? What has played a huge role in global security issues?

UN Security Council

- Globalization

How do Realists and Liberalists contrast one another when it comes to security issues?

Liberalism--> Economic interdependence mitigates security issues.

Realism--> Globalization is causing security issues through interdependence.

What are the TWO prominent Realist theories in regards to the distribution of military capabilities?

1. Security Dilemma -> The increase in one state's security is seen as a threat to other states causing them to also increase their security. Unilaterally de-militarize, rare> because of the security dilemma. Unless they institutionalize.

2. Balance of power thesis-> The degree of equilibrium or de-equilibrium between the balance or military power between powers.

What are the THREE types of security?

Human

National

International

- Overlap and one may undermine the other at time.

Why does state failure pose as a threat to International stability?

Lack of law and order. Because of our levels of interconnectedness. Nefarious regimes (concern with Somalia because it has created transnational terrorist threats)

- Major episodes of global migration

What is R2P?

Stands for "Responsibility to protect"

- Endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit in order to address its four key concerns to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.

What are notable aspects of the R2P?

The responsibility (changes notion of sovereignty) to protect - Evoked one time.

- States that when a state is unable or unwilling to protect citizens under its jurisdiction, the jurisdiction can then be redistributed to International agencies (UN). Humanitarian Intervention→ use of military force

What are the problems with R2P?

- Existential change to the notion of sovereignty. With this, sovereignty becomes conditional.

- Great power politics

-(Why can't we do it in Ukraine? Syria? Because of the great power politics in the UN Security Council.)

- Change, developments, or progress rarely work in a linear fashion