EOC review, U.S history and Con

Which documents influenced the early development of representative government in the American colonies?

Mayflower Compact, Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights

What were the key grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence?

Taxation without representation, Quartering of troops in homes

How did the Constitution of 1787 address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Established a stronger central government, Created a bicameral legislature

What principles are protected by the Bill of Rights?

Individual rights, Freedom of speech and religion

Which party was led by Thomas Jefferson and opposed a strong central government?

Democratic-Republican Party, Supported states' rights

What was the impact of the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison?

Established the principle of judicial review, Increased the power of the judiciary

Which events demonstrated the shift from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution?

Shays' Rebellion, Philadelphia Convention

What were factors leading to the American Revolution?

British taxation policies, Lack of colonial representation

How did the two-party system emerge in the United States?

Disagreements over domestic policies, Regional interests and economic debates

Which Supreme Court decision enforced the principle of federalism?

McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden

What ideals were emphasized in the Declaration of Independence?

Liberty and equality, Right to self-governance

How did the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 result in a new form of government?

Drafted the U.S. Constitution, Agreed on checks and balances

What regional differences existed between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans?

Federalists supported commerce and manufacturing

Which factors contributed to the expansion of the national government's power?

Supreme Court decisions under John Marshall, Establishment of judicial review

Historians traditionally divide the original thirteen colonies into which of the following categories?

New England, Middle, Southern

Which colonial region was most known for plantations, large numbers of slaves, and the production of rice and tobacco?

Southern colonies.

Economic differences between Southern Colonies and New England colonies

Southern landowners did not have to depend on urban centers of commerce to trade their goods as much as New Englanders did.

Most diverse colonial region

The Middle Colonies

John Locke's philosophy of government

It is the privilege of citizens to replace any government that fails to protect 'natural rights' and uphold the common good.

US government evidence

The fact that US citizens elect representatives to make laws and implement public policies on their behalf is evidence that the US government is a republic.

Ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation

It did not give the federal government enough power to effectively lead.

Opposition to the Virginia Plan by smaller states

Smaller states opposed the Virginia Plan because it proposed representation in the national legislature based on population, which would give larger states more power. The Great Compromise addressed their fears by creating a bicameral legislature with the Senate providing equal representation for all states and the House of Representatives based on population.

Advocacy of mercantilism

A politician goes before Parliament and passionately proclaims that the American colonies are crucial to the British economy. He tells his colleagues that England must export more products to other countries than it imports; otherwise, England's wealth and security will be in jeopardy. He believes the colonies are important because they provide both resources for production and markets for English goods.

Historical significance of the Puritans

'Their place in history is interesting. On one hand, they come to the New World to escape religious persecution, only to persecute those who disagreed with them. They even executed people for being "witches." Yet, at the same time, they gave us the Mayflower Compact as a model of government and introduced public education to the colonies.'

New England Colonies

Area known for public schools, strict religion, puritans and rocky soil

Middle Colonies

Area known for Quakers, religious tolerance and William Penn

Southern Colonies

Area know for plantation system, home schooling, and cash crops

Indentured Servant

A person who could not afford to come to America but pays their way with their labor, usually 7 years

Staple Crops

These are grown so that people can sell and make money (examples are: tobacco, indigo, and rice)

Salutary Neglect

When Britain allows us to rule ourselves because of the distance and we made them a lot of money, leads to self governments

Self Representative Governments

Three early forms are Mayflower Compact, Virginia House of Burgesses, and town hall meetings

Mercantilism

When a country exports more goods than they import and we do this by providing Britain with raw materials and markets

French and Indian War

Leads to Britain taxing the colonies to pay for war debt and establishing the Proclamation Line of 1763

Stamp Act

Places a tax on all printed material, was a result of the F&I War

Writs of Assistance

Allows the British to search your house and helps to enforce Navigation Acts

Proclamation of 1763

When you cannot settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

Boston Tea Party

Event that leads to Britain closing Boston Harbor and thousands become unemployed

Lexington & Concord

AKA "The Shot Heard Around the World", was the first battles of the American Revolution and shows the world that we are rebelling

Declaration of Independence

Shows other countries how to rebel, written by Jefferson, John Locke's ideas are in it, and we separate from England

Inalienable Rights

Are rights that you are born with (similar to natural rights) and they cannot be taken away

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution and convinces France to join us

Articles of Confederation

Our first attempt at govt. and fails because of several weaknesses

Shay's Rebellion

Event that showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Whiskey Rebellion

Event that showed the strengths of the US Constitution

Great Compromise

Brings together the Virginia Plan (based on population) and NJ Plan (based on equality). Creates the legislative branch made up of two house (bicameral legislator) and creates the Senate (base on equality) and House of Representatives (based on population)

Three Fifths Compromise

Counts slaves as 3/5 of a person towards population, would effect the House of Representatives

Bill of Rights

Are our first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Jefferson would not ratify the Constitution without them.

Federalist

A group that wanted to ratify the Constitution, Hamilton would be a part of it, wanted strong central govt., and a loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Anti-Federalist

A group that did not want to ratify the Constitution without a Bill of Rights, Jefferson would be a part of it, wanted a weak central govt., and a strict interpretation.

Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

When you follow the Constitution word for word.

Loose Interpretation of the Constitution

When you stretch the rules of the Constitution and go beyond its' written rules.

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton to try to convince people to ratify the Constitution

Checks and Balances

Allows each branch of the federal govt. to check the powers of the other branches so they stay within their given powers

Separation of Powers

Creates three branches in our federal govt. (judicial, legislative, and executive) so that one branch does not have all the power

City Upon a Hill

The idea that American government is the hope and leader of the world, first used with the Puritans and still use today

Alien Act

Says the govt. can kick out any foreigner who is deemed untrustworthy

Sedition Act

Limits you freedom of speech and expression during war time

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

An attempt by states to say they can declare federal laws unconstitutional

Our First Political Parties

Split because of different interpretations of the US Constitution

Louisiana Purchase

We gain land, the Mississippi River, and Port of New Orleans. Jefferson used a loose interpretation to get this

Lewis and Clark

Sent to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean, fails. Published their journals which leads to western migration

Monroe Doctrine

We tell European countries that they are not allowed to colonize the Americas if they do it would be seen as an act of aggression and we would declare war.

Manifest Destiny

Used to justify us taking over land in the west by fighting for it, taking it, buying it, and signing treaties

Missouri Compromise

brings in Maine and Missouri together to maintain the balance between free and slave states in the legislative branch

Trail of Tears

authorized by Jackson and sees the US move thousands of Native Americans from the southeast to lands west of the Mississippi River, many will die along the way

Impressment

when France and England force US sailors to work with them and also take the cargo of the ship

Compromise of 1850

brings in California as a free state and creates a stricter fugitive slave law

Cotton Gin

increases demand for slavery in the South, developed by Eli Whitney

Reasons People Move West

new land, find gold, and freedom of religion (Mormons)

Tariff

a tax on imported goods that makes foreign goods more expensive so people buy American goods

American System

developed by Henry Clay and wanted internal improvements, a national bank and tariff. South would be against this

Spoils System

developed by Jackson where he would reward political supports with political positions

Temperance Movement

wanted to end/ ban the use of alcohol in the 1830s and 1840s

Abolitionist Movement

wanted to end slavery

South Carolina Nullification Crisis

an attempt by SC to say they did not have to pay federal tariffs. Also, an attempt by states to show they have more power than the federal government

Popular Sovereignty

is the will of the majority where you get to choose what you want

Fugitive Slave Law

any runaway slave had to be returned the their owners in the South

Wilmot Proviso

tries to say that any land gained from the Mexican War would be free land, South was against this

Kansas Nebraska Act

allows the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide if they wanted to be a free or slave state, leads to blood shed in those territories and John Brown appears here

Bleeding Kansas

fighting between pro slavery and anti-slavery forces over trying to set up their own government

John Brown's Raid

tries to start a salve rebellion in the south by taking over Harper's Ferry, is put down by Robert E. Lee and the marines

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that shows the north the horrors of slavery in the south

"The Liberator"

written by William Lloyd Garrison and it advocated for abolition

Republican Party view on slavery

they did not want to end slavery where it already existed but did not want to let it expand west

Election of 1860

leads to the South seceding from the Union when Lincoln is elected President

Northern Advantages of Civil War

more people, more factories, est. army, est. govt., a navy, and more railroads

Southern Advantages of Civil War

better generals, motivation to fight, defensive war, home field advantage, and cotton

Anaconda Plan

the North's initial war strategy to surround the South and cut off their supply lines

March to the Sea

AKA total warfare, where the North burns everything in the South to end the Civil War. It will get Lincoln reelected

Writ of Habeas Corpus

says you have to go before a judge before you go to jail. Is done away with by Lincoln so border states join the Union not the Confederacy

Radical Republicans

a group of politicians that wanted to make the South suffer during Reconstruction. Would be against Lincoln's Presidential Reconstruction

Emancipation Proclamation

frees all slaves in states at war with the union. Makes the war about slavery to limit the South from gaining allies

Appomattox Courthouse

where General Lee surrenders to General Grant to put and end to most the fighting during the Civil War

54th Massachusetts

an all African American regiment during the Civil War famous for storming Fort Wagner in Charleston

13, 14, and 15 Amendments

gave African rights during Reconstruction: Free, Citizens, Vote

Tenement Farming and Share Cropping

jobs that many African Americans do after the Civil War in the South.

Black Codes

meant to keep African Americans in a virtual form of slavery in the South by saying they could not meet in groups or own guns. Punishment would be a years worth of labor on a farm

Jim Crow Laws

restricting African Americans from voting after Reconstruction is over.

Literacy tests

had to read to vote