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Desiccation (water loss): cuticle and stomata
Water transport: tracheid and phloem
What are two major environmental challenges for land
plants and their associated adaptations?
Sporophytes: diploid and produces spores via meiosis
Gametophytes: produces gametes via mitosis
What are some differences between the sporophyte and gametophyte
generations in the haplodiplontic life cycle?
What are the evolutionary adaptations that separate the
major plant groups?
Naked seed
Seeds are not enclosed by tissue at pollination
What are some distinguishing features of a gymnosperm?
What are the defining features of angiosperms and the
evolutionary advantages of these features?
Gametes
_____________ are single-celled and directly involved in fertilization.
Spores
________________are single-celled but develop into gametophytes for the next stage of the life cycle.
Pollen
________________is a multicellular male gametophyte that houses sperm, aiding in fertilization without the need for water. Transport by wind or pollinator.
Seeds
______________ are multicellular structures that protect and nourish the embryo, enabling long-term survival and dispersal.
Charophytes
What is a type of green algae that is the closest relative to land plants?
haploid and diploid
Land plants evolved multicellular _________ and ________ stages and diploid embryos, features absent in charophytes
Bryophytes
What are the closest living descendants of the first land plants?
primary growth
The apical meristem is responsible for ______________ which is growth in length.
secondary growth
The lateral meristem is responsible for _____________ and woody stems have 2 lateral meristems
xylem and phloem
Vascular cambium produces secondary _______ and secondary _______.
secondary xylem
What is the main source of wood?
Seeds
___________ protect embryos, provide nutrition, and allow dormancy during unfavorable conditions.
Lycophytes
What are the most ancient vascular plants, with roots and stems but no true leaves or seeds and sporophyte dominant?
Pterophytes
What are ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns, with roots, stems, and true leaves (euphylls); still depend on water for fertilization?
Tracheophytes
What is another name for vascular plants?
Seeds
Pollen
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
What are four types of seed plants?
Double fertilization
In angiosperms, ________________produces both a zygote and triploid endosperm (nutritional tissue).
Flowers
Double fertilization
What are two key innovations in angiosperms?
dermal tissues
What does the protoderm mature into?
xylem and phloem
What does the procambium mature into?
Ground tissues
What does the ground meristem mature into?
Hard seed coats
Sclerenchyma has very thick walls, dead when mature, support, protection, scars, and is used for
