BIOL 1106 Lessons 1 & 2: Terrestrial Plant Adaptations and Plant Anatomy

• Desiccation (water loss): cuticle and stomata

• Water transport: tracheid and phloem

What are two major environmental challenges for land
plants and their associated adaptations?

Sporophytes: diploid and produces spores via meiosis

Gametophytes: produces gametes via mitosis

What are some differences between the sporophyte and gametophyte
generations in the haplodiplontic life cycle?

What are the evolutionary adaptations that separate the
major plant groups?

• Naked seed

• Seeds are not enclosed by tissue at pollination

What are some distinguishing features of a gymnosperm?

What are the defining features of angiosperms and the
evolutionary advantages of these features?

Gametes

_____________ are single-celled and directly involved in fertilization.

Spores

________________are single-celled but develop into gametophytes for the next stage of the life cycle.

Pollen

________________is a multicellular male gametophyte that houses sperm, aiding in fertilization without the need for water. Transport by wind or pollinator.

Seeds

______________ are multicellular structures that protect and nourish the embryo, enabling long-term survival and dispersal.

Charophytes

What is a type of green algae that is the closest relative to land plants?

haploid and diploid

Land plants evolved multicellular _________ and ________ stages and diploid embryos, features absent in charophytes

Bryophytes

What are the closest living descendants of the first land plants?

primary growth

The apical meristem is responsible for ______________ which is growth in length. 

secondary growth

The lateral meristem is responsible for _____________ and woody stems have 2 lateral meristems

xylem and phloem

Vascular cambium produces secondary _______ and secondary _______.

secondary xylem

What is the main source of wood?

Seeds

___________ protect embryos, provide nutrition, and allow dormancy during unfavorable conditions.

Lycophytes

What are the most ancient vascular plants, with roots and stems but no true leaves or seeds and sporophyte dominant?

Pterophytes

What are ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns, with roots, stems, and true leaves (euphylls); still depend on water for fertilization?

Tracheophytes

What is another name for vascular plants?

• Seeds

• Pollen

• Gymnosperms

• Angiosperms

What are four types of seed plants?

Double fertilization

In angiosperms, ________________produces both a zygote and triploid endosperm (nutritional tissue).

• Flowers

• Double fertilization

What are two key innovations in angiosperms?

dermal tissues

What does the protoderm mature into?

xylem and phloem

What does the procambium mature into?

Ground tissues

What does the ground meristem mature into?

Hard seed coats

Sclerenchyma has very thick walls, dead when mature, support, protection, scars, and is used for