Chemistry - 9 Crude Oil and Fuels

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44 Terms

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Crude oil

petroleum that has not been processed

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What is crude oil a mixture of?

different length hydrocarbons

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Hydrocarbon

a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

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Fraction

a group of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

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Distillation

a process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points

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Alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds

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Alkanes are called ... hydrocarbons

saturated

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What does it mean if a hydrocarbon is saturated?

it contains as many hydrogen molecules as possible

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Meth-

1 carbon

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Eth-

2 carbons

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Prop-

3 carbons

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But-

4 carbons

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Methane

CH₄

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Ethane

C₂H₆

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Propane

C₃H₈

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Butane

C₄H₁₀

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Alkane general formula

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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What kind of hydrocarbon is most useful?

short-chain hydrocarbons

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Volatility

a measure of how readily a substance vaporizes

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Short-chain hydrocarbon boiling points

lower boiling points

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Short-chain hydrocarbon volatility

higher volatility

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Short-chain hydrocarbon viscosity

lower viscosity

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Short-chain hydrocarbon flammability

higher flammability

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Fractional distillation

refining petroleum by separating compounds according to their boiling points

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Fractionating column

a column used to separate fractions based upon their boiling points.

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Residue

thick, sticky long-chain hydrocarbons

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Residue use:

bitumen for roads and roofs

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What happens to crude oil before it goes into a fractionating column?

it is vaporised

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Complete combustion

a combustion reaction in which the only products are carbon dioxide and water

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Oxidised

a substance that has had oxygen added to it

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Blue cobalt chloride and water

goes from blue to pink

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Anhydrous copper sulfate

goes from white to blue

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Incomplete combustion

combustion where not enough oxygen is supplied

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Products of incomplete combustion

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water

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What is cracking?

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

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Cracking process [2]:

- vaporise hydrocarbon
- pass over catalyst

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What reaction is cracking an example of?

thermal decomposition

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Cracker

a steel vessel in which cracking takes place

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Alkene

an unsaturated hydrocarbon

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Functional group

a characteristic that unites a homologous series

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Homologous series

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group

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Functional group of alkenes

C=C double bond

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Test for unsaturated hydrocarbon

orange bromine water becomes colourless

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Are alkanes or alkenes more reactive?

alkenes