Biology M7.1 and microscope and organelles

eyepiece

contains the lens you look through

coarse focus adjustment

controls the movement of the body tube, used only for large adjustments in focusing and to bring objects into view under low power only

low power

when is coarse adjustment used?

fine focus adjustment

controls movement of the body tube, used to sharply focus image after coarse adjustment has been used

low power objective lens

used first to bring object into view.

scanning objective

what is low power AKA

arm

supports the body tube. along with the base is one of the two points you should be holding when carrying a microscope

body tube

connecting piece between the eyepiece and the objective lens

revolving nose piece

contains the objective lenses and can be related

medium power objective lens

use only after object has been focused under low objective power

high objective power

used only after getting object into focus under medium power objective lens

stage clips

holds microscope slides in place

stage

platform that holds slides

diaphragm

rotates to control the amount of light that reaches eyepiece

light source

electrical lgiht that directs light up to the stage

base

supports microscope. along with the arm is one of the 2 points you should be holding whne carying a microscope

step 1

start on low power, use coarse adjuments and fine adjustment

step 2

turn nosepiece to medium power and only use fine adjustment

steps 3

turn nosepeice to high power and use fine adjustment only

magnification

how much an image is enlarged

resolution

allows one to see finer details

eyepiece * objective lens= total magnification

how to find magnification

eyepiece

coarse adjustment focus

fine focus adjustment

low power objective lens

arm

body tube

revolving nosepiece

medium power objective lens

high power objective lens

stage clips

stage

Diaphragm

light source

base

cell

the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

false

t or f: cells are so small that their existence was unkown until the microscope

hooke

observed cells in 1665, saw little boxes

hooke

called them cells becasue they reminded him of the little room that monks live in

coined the term cell

Robert Hooke

Van Leeuwenhoek

viewed living organisms from pond water through an imporved microscope with better lenses in 1664 (L)

van leewenhouek

discovered living creatures in the water and named them animalcules

schleiden

1838- proposed that all plants are made up of cells

schwann

1839- noticed similarities between plant and animal cells and concluded that animals are made up of cells as well

virchow

1855- proposed cells are produced from division of existing cells

animals are made up of cells

schwann

discovered living creatues in water

van leewenhourk

all cells come from exsiting cells

virchow

plants are amde up of cells

schlieden

cell theory

one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology

all living organisms are made of one or ore cells, cells are the basic unit of structure , cells come from previously existing cells

cell theory

compound light microscopes

use a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify images

1000x

compound light microscope magnifies

electron microscope

create an image by illuminating a sample with a beam of electrons and collecting the electrons that are reflected back from the sample

500000x

Maximum magnification of an electron microscope

specimen must be dead

disadvantage to electron microscope

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell

gentic material

most membrances contains --

energy

most cells break down molecules to generate --

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

organelles

specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions

nuclues

the distinct central organism that contains the cell's gentic material

larger

Eukaryotic cells are generally much _____ than prokaryotic cells

prokaryotic cell

cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

true

t or f: prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eurokaytic cells

unicellular

most --- organism are prokarytotic

endosymbiont theory

proposes that a symbitotic relationship formed between two prokaryotic cells, one of which lived inside the other. eventually the relatioshi led to two cells becoming one

functions

because eorkayrotic are larger and more complex they developed specific ---, these functions led to cell diversity

2-100 micrometers

eurkotyic cells

0.5-2 micrometers

prokaryotic cells

Cytoplasm

the semi fluid material inside the plasma membrane

In both prokaryotic and eurkaryotic cytoplasm…

is the place where chemical process takes place

cytoskeleton

cell organelles are supported by

Cell organelles are free floating (t or F)

false

cytoskeleton is made of

microtubules and anchor organelles

Microtubules

thin protein fiber

centrioles

are organelles of microtubules that function during cell division

Chromosomes

only in animal cell connect to dna made by centrioles

plants have a

cell wall

Cell wall

thick rigid fibers that protects the cell and gives it support

plant cell wallls are made of

cellulose

prokaryotic cells are made of

peptidoslycon

all cells contain a ______memebrane

cell

cell membreane

a special boundary that controls what leaves and enters the cell (has 2 names)

nucleus

the cell’s managing system

nuclues contains

dna used to store info to make proteins for cell growth and reproduction

nuclear envelope

surrounds the nucleus in a double membrane

nuclous

inside the nucleus and site of ribosome producion

mitochondria

converts fuel particles into usable energy. breaks down sugar moleucles

how do mitochondria supply energy?

by creating ATP through cellular respiration

Plant cells have ______

chloralplast

chloralplast

captures sunlight energy and convert it to food. Site for photosynthesis

ribosomes

manufactures proteins

free floating ribosomes

produce proteins for use within the cell

bound ribosomes

produce proteins for use by other cells

Er

a membrane system of folded sacs and channels. Site of protein and lipid synthesis

rough ER

site for protein synthesis

smooth ER

site for lipid synthesis

golgi apparatus

is a flattened stack of memebranes that modifes sorts and packages proteins into sacs called vesciles