READING

ink

ex: Their first idea was to use patterns printed with an ink that would glowunder ultraviolet light

mực

non-starter

ex: But the cost,together with the fact that their scanning equipment was rather unreliable, madethe idea a non-starter at that time.

an idea, plan, or person with no chance of success (không thể thực hiện được)

proprietary

ex: various systems came into use around the world in stores, libraries, factories, and the like, each with its own proprietary code, but there was no standardisation.

độc quyền (n)

mount

→ mount something on something

→ to fix something into position on something, so that you can use it, look at it or study it

ex: Tiny bar codes have even been mounted on bees by researchers to track their movements

gắn lên

track

ex: Tiny bar codes have even been mounted on bees by researchers to track their movements.

theo dõi (v)

plead (v)

→ plead with someone

ex: The president of a food chain was pleading with a professor to undertake research on a method of capturing product information automatically at store checkouts.

cầu xin

become apparent = to be accepted

ex: The adv of system were not clear immediately, as whole sales, retailers and customers remained suspicious….However, the benefits eventually became apparent

= the adv of the new bar-code scanner took sometime to be accepted by users

mô tả điều gì đó dễ dàng nhìn thấy hoặc hiểu được, không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa

the advent of sth (n)= first began sth

ex: in the 17th century, European businesspeople invented a new type of card to act as miniature advertisements, signaling the advent of the business card.

= It was the Chinese who first began the practice of using business cards.

sự ra đời thứ gì đó = lần đầu tiên bắt đầu thứ gì đó

controversial process (a) = provoke heated discussion (v)

ex:Designing business cards can be a controversial process for some companies

ex: According to one experienced company director, very few things can provoke more heated discussion at a board meeting than the composition of thecompany’s business cards.

quá trình gây tranh cãi = kích động, gây ra cuộc thảo luận sôi nổi

the composition of something = Designing something

ex: Designing business cards can be a controversial process for some companies.

ex: According to one experienced company director, very few things can provokemore heated discussion at a board meeting than the composition of the company’s business cards.

cấu trúc, thành phần, nội dung = thiết kế

stamp sth on sth (v)

ex: Employees at one famous toy company give out little plastic figures with their contact details stamped on them.

sử dụng để chỉ hành động đóng dấu, in thông tin liên lạc lên những hình nhựa.

commentator /ˈkɒmənteɪtər/ (n)

ex: For many business commentators, such gimmicky business cards prove that the use of a physical business card is nearly at an end.

nhà bình luận

gimmicky /ˈɡɪmɪki/ (adjective)

ex: For many business commentators, such gimmicky business cards prove that the use of a physical business card is nearly at an end.

phô trương, quảng cáo

→ sử dụng để miêu tả những tấm danh thiếp được thiết kế để gây sự chú ý, thường là bằng những cách khác thường hoặc phô trương.

administrative /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/ (adjective)

ex: Computers can deal with administrative tasks, it is still human beings that have to focus on the emotional.

hành chính

international travel/business travel/air travel

ex: A recent UK survey showed that chief executives of global organizations now routinely spend three out of every four weeks on international travel.

công tác, du lịch quốc tế

status /ˈsteɪtəs/ (noun)

ex: She maintains that as companies become more complex, cards are essential in determining the exact status of every contact you meet in multinational corporations.

vị thế, cấp bậc

swapping = exchanging (v)

ex: The ritual of swapping business cards is a good way of starting a conversation at the beginning of a business relationship.

ex: Janet also explains how exchanging business cards can be an effective way of initiating a conversation because it gives people a ritual to follow when they first meet a new business contact.

trao đổi

governess /ˈɡʌvərnəs/ (noun)

She was educated at home by a governess and rarely saw her brother, Bertram, who was sent to boarding school.

gia sư riêng

boarding /ˈbɔːrdɪŋ/ (adjective)

Many parents choose to send their children to boarding school. (Nhiều phụ huynh chọn gửi con cái của họ đến trường nội trú.)

nội trú

fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/ (noun)

She would spend many hours drawing wildlife such as fungi and flowers, and at one time she had an ambition to develop this scientific interest.

nấm

mycology /maɪˈkɒlədʒi/ (noun)

Nevertheless, she won respect from the scientific establishment for her illustrations and her contribution to mycology, the study of fungi.

nhà nấm học

inheritance /ɪnˈherɪtəns/ (noun)

Thanks to the proceeds from her successful books and a later inheritance, Potter was able to buy many working farms.

She received a large inheritance from her grandmother.

tài sản thừa kế

anaemia /əˈniːmiə/ (noun)

Tragically, before the wedding could take place, Warne developed pernicious anaemia, a blood disease, and passed away.

She was diagnosed with severe anaemia and needed iron supplements.

thiếu máu ác tính

prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃən/ (noun)

Fifty-six million prescriptions for sleeping medication were handed out by doctors in America last year.

đơn thuốc

hand out sb= gave sb

Fifty-six million prescriptions for sleeping medication were handed out by doctors in America last year = Last year the high number of prescriptions doctors gave their patients

The teacher handed out the test papers to the students.

phát ra, trao

insomnia /ɪnˈsɒmniə/ (noun) = sleeplessness

gave their patients highlights the fact that insomnia is a serious issue in the USA = Socially and economically, the undertreatment of sleeplessness is hugely expensive.

chứng mất ngủ

be associated with

The Institute of Medicine, an independent scientific advisory group, estimates nearly 20 percent of all major accidents on the road are associated with driver sleepiness = It is evidently responsible for a number of serious traffic accidents.

liên quan tới

spot /spɒt/ (verb (transitive verb) =be recognisable (a)

However, Clete Kushida, the clinic director, told me he can spot most people's sleep problems right at the intake interview = People suffering from insomnia are easily recognisable.

phát hiện, nhận ra

deprivation /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ (noun)

Some researchers have found that sleep deprivation impedes wound healing in rats, and others have suggested that sleep helps boost the immune system and control infection.

sự thiếu hụt

impede /ɪmˈpiːd/ (verb (transitive verb))

Lack of funding can impede the progress of research.

cản trở

redundant /rɪˈdʌndənt/ (adjective)

His study showed that the sleeping brain seems to delete redundant or unnecessary synapses or connections.

sự thừa thãi

abnormal /æbˈnɔːrməl/ (adjective)

Then they look over the data for signs of abnormal sleep.

bất thường

aptitude /ˈæptɪtjuːd/ (noun)
Recently, researchers at Harvard, led by Robert Stickgold, tested undergraduates on various aptitude tests, allowed them to nap, then tested them again.

năng khiếu

regurgitate

All species are ruminants, which means that they retain undigested food in their stomachs, and regurgitate it as necessary

ợ (thức ăn) ra

endure = tolerance = bear = suffer from (v)

can endure very harsh environments = tolerance of extreme conditions

chịu đựng

harsh (a)

ex: harsh environments = extreme conditions

khắc nghiệt

cattle (n)

ex: The sub-family Bovinae comprises most of the larger bovids, including the African bongo and nilgai, eland, bison and cattle = includeds the ox and the cow.

bò đực và bò cái

died out = extinct (v)

The ancestors of the various species of domestic cattle banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo are generally rare and endangered in the wild, while the auroch (the ancestor of the domestic cattle of Europe) is extinct = which species of Bovinae has now died out?

tuyệt chủng = chết

textile (n) = fabric

A rare textile made from the silk of more than a million wild spiders

Kevlar is a lightweight synthetic fabric, chemically related to nylon,

vải, dệt

physical properties = very elastic and strong + tensile strength + extremely lightweight + especially ductile + able to stretch up to 140 percent + retain its strength below -40°C

đặc tính vật lý = Rất đàn hồi và mạnh mẽ + độ bền kéo + cực kỳ nhẹ + đặc biệt dễ uốn + có thể co giãn lên đến 140 phần trăm + duy trì độ bền của nó dưới -40°C

a tremendous number of sth

It takes a tremendous number of spiders to make a small amount of silk = Fourteen thousand spiders yield about an ounce of silk, Godley said, and the finished textile weighs about 2.6 pounds.

một số lượng rất lớn

an ounce of sth = a small mount of sth

Fourteen thousand spiders yield about an ounce of silk = It takes a tremendous number of spiders to make a small amount of silk.

một tí cái gì đó

making some progress = get closer

manufacture = mass production

Scientists are making some progress in their efforts to manufacture spider silk = Every year we get closer to mass production, but we’re not there yet

tiến bộ = tiến gần hơn

sản xuất = sản xuất hàng loạt

novice (n) = beginner = inexpert sports players

To the novice, however, the skill of casting a smooth arc with a lopsided metal stick is virtually impossible = an explanation of why beginners find sporting tasks difficult

Inexpert sports players are too aware of what they are doing.

người mới bắt đầu vào nghề = người chơi thể thao chưa có kinh nghiệm

conscious (a), consciousness (n) = be aware of

The writer states that expert players perform their actions without conscious thought.

This is because most novices swing with their consciousness, using an area of the brain next to the premotor cortex = Inexpert sports players are too aware of what they are doing.

có ý thức = để ý

embed (v) = be embedded

For him, the motor action has become memorised, and the movements are embedded in the neurons of his premotor cortex (tiền vận động)

ăn sâu

elaborate (a) = complex (a) phức tạp

Monkeys have a more complex mirror neuron system than humans >< Humans have an even more elaborate mirror neuron system

tinh vi, tỉ mỉ, chi tiết

occasionally (adv) = sometimes (adv)

In Ancient China, writing was occasionally done on silk = The light material of silkwas sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider.

đôi khi = thỉnh thoảng

bulk /bʌlk/ (adjective) = large-scale

industry = manufacturing/ important business

Papermaking as a large-scale industry originated in Iran. = The rudim entary and laborious process of papermaking was refined and bulk manufacturing of paper began in Iran,where they inven ted a method to make a thicker sheet of paper, which helped transform papermaking from an art into an important business.

số lượng lớn = quy mô lớn

công nghiệp = sản xuất/ kinh doanh quan trọng

insufficient /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃnt/(adjective)

attempt /əˈtempt/(noun)

Yet soon this source became insufficient and some curious attempts were made to find new materials.

không đủ

nỗ lực

bark /bɑːrk/ (noun)

chop /tʃɒp/ (verb (transitive verb)

Ts’ai Lun seems to have made his paper by mixing finely chopped mulberry bark and hemp rags with water = bark of a mulberry tree and hemp rags.

vỏ cây

băm nhỏ

→ băm nhỏ vỏ cây dâu tằm = vỏ cây của cây dâu tằm

toddler /ˈtɒdlər/ (noun) = children

ex: At first the toddlers would touch the robot on its face, but later on they would touch it on its hands and arms, like they would with other humans = changes in how children physically interacted with a robot

changes (những thay đổi về thời gian) = at first (đầu tiên là những đứa trẻ sẽ làm gì….), but later on (sau đó nó sẽ làm gì….)

physically interacted with (tương tác vật lý) = touch (những đứa trẻ sẽ chạm vào mặt con robot) và touch hands and arms (nó sẽ chạm vào tay và cánh tay)

trẻ mới biết đi

facial expression /ˈfeɪʃl/ (adjective) = communicate = social cues

Eye Gaze (n)

ex: A robotic tutor could react on the spot to social cues and approximate social skills like facial expression and eye gaze, they said = speculation about future ways robots may communicate.

biểu cảm khuôn mặt = giao tiếp = tín hiệu xã hội

ánh mắt

speculation (n) = hope (v)

ex: speculation about future ways robots may communicate = The researchers hope that more advanced versions of robots like QRIO could become personalized tutors to assist teachers in classrooms.

future ways robots (cách thức tương lai của robots) = more advanced versions of robots (phiên bản tiên tiến hơn của robots).

tiên đoán = hy vọng

show affection for/towards somebody/something (PhrV)

Ronald Arkin was not surprised by the affection demonstrated by the toddlers toward the robot = Arkin expected children to show affection towards the robot.

thể hiện tình cảm

a broad repertoire of sth /ˈrepərtwɑːr/ = a wide range of sth

however impressive, is nowhere near as important to human-robot interaction as being able to make appropriate responses from a broad repertoire of behaviors' = A wide range of behaviours is essential for effective interaction.

kho tàng gì đó rộng lớn = một loạt các gì đó rộng lớn

preconceive notions /ˌpriːkənˈsiːvd/ (adjective) = pre-existing ideas

Toddlers have no pre-existing ideas about robots = Children of toddler age were chosen because they have no preconceived notions of robots, according to Tanaka.

định kiến = ý tưởng không tồn tại

acted as (phr) + N

Robots that best maintained people's attention previously acted as storytellers.

đóng vai trò là

elusive /ɪˈluːsɪv/ (adjective)

The development of robots that interact socially with people and assist them in everyday life has been an elusive goal of modern science.

khó nắm bắt

have + a/an + adj propensity + to Vo

/prəˈpensəti/ (noun) = have a tendency to Vo

Humans have a tremendous propensity to bond with artifacts, whether it be a car, a doll, or a robot,' he said.

có xu hướng, thiên hướng (to lớn) làm cái gì đó

deteriorate /dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/ (verb (intransitive verb))

The interactions deteriorated quickly over the next 15 sessions, when the robot was ordered to behave in a more limited, predictable manner.

xấu dì

Các tương tác nhanh chóng xấu đi trong 15 phiên tiếp theo, khi robot được yêu cầu hành xử theo cách hạn chế hơn, dễ đoán hơn.

In sharp contrast to +N/V-ing, S+V

This observation is in sharp contrast to the long-term interactions and bonding that commonly develop between humans and their pets.

đối lặp hoàn toàn với thứ gì đó

On the spot = immediately = instantly = promptly

A robotic tutor could react on the spot to social cues and approximate social skills like facial expression and eye gaze, they said.

ngay lập tức

Cross the barrier = Surpass the limit = Exceed = Overcome an obstacle

In practice, commercially available robots seldom cross the 10-hour barrier.

vượt qua rào cản/ giới hạn

settlement /ˈsetlmənt/ (noun)

immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ (noun)

EX: During the settlement of New Zealand by European immigrants, natural timbers played a major role.

sự định cư

người nhập cư

timber = wood (n)

The house was built with strong oak timbers. (Ngôi nhà được xây bằng gỗ sồi chắc chắn.)

gỗ

constructing sailing vessel = boat-building

Early explorers recognised the suitability of the tall, straight trunks of the kauri for constructing sailing vessels = During the 1800s, New Zealand exported wood for use in boat-building

đóng tàu thuyền trong hàng hải

indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs/ (adjective)

fitting (n) phụ kiên

ex: Today, less than two percent of timber is cut from indigenous forests, and almost all of that is used for higher-value end uses, such as furniture and fittings.

bản địa

phụ kiện

forestry industry /ˈfɒrɪstri/ (noun)

The industry claims that, given the right conditions, by 2025 the forestry sector could be the country's biggest export earner, generating $20 billion a year and employing 60,000 people.

lâm nghiệp

implausible /ɪmˈplɔːzəbl/ (adjective) = Unbelievable

This is still not generally recognised even now, 400 years later, because it seems so implausible.

khó tin, không hợp lý

perception /pərˈsɛpʃən/ (n) = recognise (v)

perceive /pərˈsiːv/ (verb (transitive verb)) = feel (v)

Yet it tells us something very important — that perceptions are not identical with what we perceive, and may be very different.

sự nhận thức

cảm nhận

undermind (v) = devalued (v)

because it undermined the notion of humans as pre-eminently rational beings who could be held responsible for their actions = People felt that it devalued the accepted concept of humanity

làm suy yếu = làm giảm giá trị

recollection (n) = touch (v)

operation (n)

Sydney Bradford relied on recollections of objects he had touched to help him see after his operation = Although immediately after the operation he was able to 'see', he could only see those things that he already knew about, having experienced them through touch.

xúc giác

ca phẩu thuật

be occupied with

Seeing used to be thought of as taking place only in the eyes, and in quite specialised brain regions; but now it seems that half the brain is occupied with seeing, requiring a lot of energy.

chiếm, bận rộn với

incubation

chick-rearing

Males play no part in incubation or chick-rearing – females alone incubate eggs and feed the chicks.

ấp trứng

nuôi con non

prey on something/somebody

With them came the Polynesian dog and rat, which also preyed on kākāpō.

săn mồi

evacuate (v) = transfer

As a result, during 1980-97, the surviving population was evacuated to three island sanctuaries: Codfish Island, Maud Island and Little Barrier Island = Kākāpō were transferred from Rakiura Island to other locations because they were at risk from feral cats.

sơ tán = chuyển đến

failing chicks = struggling

rescue (v)= care

This involved moving the birds between islands, supplementary feeding of adults and rescuing and hand-raising any failing chicks = One Recovery Plan initiative that helped increase the kākāpō population size was caring for struggling young birds.

con non bị ốm yếu/ gặp vấn đề

be susceptible (a) = get infected with

be quick = become visible

The effects are very quick,’ says Russell. You return in four to six weeks and trees that are resistant show no symptoms, whereas those that are susceptible show leaf loss and may even have died completely = If a tree gets infected with Dutch elm disease, the damage rapidly becomes visible

nhạy cảm/dễ bị ảnh hưởng = bị nhiễm bệnh

nhanh chóng = nhìn thấy rõ ràng

uplifting (a)

Studies show that if we observe positive feeds on social media, such as images of a pink sunset, we are more likely to post uplifting messages ourselves.

có tính động viên

take in (v)

likelihood

stress is triggered, spreading from one person to the next, which temporarily enhances the likelihood that people will take in negative reports, which increases stress further.

tiếp nhận

khả năng

contagious

inducing

The good news, however, is that positive emotions, such as hope, are contagious too, and are powerful in inducing people to act to find solutions.

dễ lây lan

thuyết phục/ thúc đẩy

hyper-vigilant

Under these conditions, they became hyper-vigilant to bad news, even when it had nothing to do with their job

cảnh giác

the dining habits = the diet

edible + N

chimpanzees

African tribes that found edible plants by observing the dining habits of chimpanzees = a reference to an animal that influenced the diet of some humans

thói quen ăn uống = chế độ ăn

thứ gì đó ăn được

con tinh tinh

shatter (v) = damage

spectre (n) = threat

looming (a) = coming

In recent years, however, the illusion that we are independent of nature has been shattered by the spectre of global warming and the looming end to fossil fuel supplies = the reasons why humans no longer feel they are free from nature

tan vỡ

mối đe doạ

sắp xảy ra

take a cue from someone/something

organisms (n)

I think it’s an old impulse for humans to take their cues from other organisms,’ she says, referring to African tribes that found edible plants by observing the dining habits of chimpanzees.

học hỏi từ ai đó

sinh vật