Quiz 3 Path Unit 2 concept maps/blueprint

Hypertension Patho

increased peripheral resistance as a result of the narrowing of arterioles, increased pressure of blood/blood volume, primary/essential (unknown cause, 90-95% of cases; develops gradually over time), secondary (known cause, underlying condition)

Hypertension Risk Factors

genetics, obesity, diabetes, older age, dyslipidemia, stress, sedentary lifestyle, epigenetic factors (smoking, alcohol)

Hypertension S/S

asymptomatic frequently; but may include headache, elevated BP, CV and cerebral symptoms

Hypertension complications

stroke, heart attack, cardiac and neuro complications, renal failure

Hypertension Medical Diagnostics

measure BP at several different times, lipid profile, cardiac assessment

Hypertension Medical Treatment/Pharmaceuticals

prevention, modify risk factors, antihypertensive meds, physical activity, other lifestyle changes

Hypertension PT implications

education, consistent exercise, vitals

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) patho

myocardial cell death/heart attack due to prolonged ischemia/obstruction, type 1=from CAD caused by atherosclerosis, type 2=due to mismatch O2 supply and demand, secondary to something else.

STEMI(more serious, extends entire width of heart muscle) and non-STEMI (partial width of heart muscle)

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Risk Factors

stimulant drug use, smoking, mornings, thanksgiving-new years, middle age and up, angina, family history, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, LV most susceptible

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) S/S

sudden onset of pressure, chest pain, left arm pain radiation, SOB, diaphoresis, heart burn, indigestion, extreme fatigue, N&V, women tend to go unnoticed with back pain and severe fatigue

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Complications

arrhythmias, pericarditis, sudden death/cardiac arrest

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Medical Diagnostics

clinical history, s/s, EKG, serum levels of cardiac enzymes, imaging

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) PT implications

refer to cardiac rehab, vitals, use sternal precautions

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Medical Treatment and Pharmaceuticals

meds, reestablish blood flow, prevention of reoccurrence

Heart Failure Patho

unable to pump sufficient blood to body, structural (stiff and thick) or functional (saggy and floppy), LHF is caused by HTN and has pulmonary symptoms, RHF is caused by LHF and has systemic symptoms

Heart Failure Risk Factors

HTN, MI, CAD, heart valve disease, increases with age, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome

Heart Failure S/S

psychological/neuro aspects: orthopnea; left has pulmonary symptoms and right has systemic symptoms

Heart Failure Complications

death, liver, spleen, speech, kidneys impaired, peripheral and pulmonary edema

Heart Failure Medical Diagnostics

EKG, blood tests, BMP lab test, imaging (echocardiogram)

Heart Failure PT implications

education, prevention, vitals, cardiac rehab, lifestyle changes, energy conservation

Heart Failure Medical Treatment and Pharmaceuticals

finding underlying cause and treating it, keep HF from progressing, lifestyle changes, surgery

Explain blood flow through the pulmonary circuit, including heart chambers and valves

Pulmonary Circuit:

Superior and inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs

Explain blood flow through the systemic circuit, including heart chambers and valves

Systemic Circuit:

Pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body

What are the structures of the heart?

Pericardium: parietal and visceral

Layers of the wall:

Epicardium: visceral pericardium & loose connective tissue

Myocardium: cardiac muscle tissue

Endocardium: inner lining, endothelial tissue

Chambers of the heart: atrium and ventricles (right and left)

Valves of the heart: mitral (bicuspid) valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve

What are the structures of the conduction system?

Conduction System:

Heart chambers coordinated (atrias contract while ventricles relax)

SA node: pacemaker

AV node: slows signal from atrium

AV bundle of His: sends AV signal to right and left bundle branches of ventricles

Purkinje fibers: contraction of ventricles

Pericarditis

Inflamed pericardium

Pericardial effusion

build up fluid in pericardial cavity

Cardiac tamponade

serious condition, fluid build up impedes function of heart

Endocarditis

inflammation of inside heart lining (endocardium, affect heart valves)

Pleural effusion

fluid in pleural cavity (lungs)

Pneumothorax

air buildup in pleural cavity, leads to collapsed lung

Dyslipidemia

atherosclerosis

coronary artery disease

heart attack, stroke

peripheral artery disease

Good Cholesterol

High density lipoprotein

bad cholesterol

LDL- low density lipoprotein

What is the mechanism of atherosclerosis?

Macrophages engulf LDL, forming foam cells →

Foam cells form fatty streaks → fibrous plaque

Stable angina

increased w/ activity, decrease w/ rest, predictable

Unstable angina

occurs at rest, increases with activity, pre-infarction state, unpredictable

increases the risk of orthostatic hypotension

Acute: medication, dehydration, poor nutrition, illness, pregnancy

Chronic: idiopathic or secondary to disorder

Angina

ischemia induced chest pain

PT response to orthostatic hypotension

monitor vitals during session

peripheral artery disease

Atherosclerosis in peripheral arteries narrows arteries

-Decreased blood flow

-Poor oxygen perfusion to tissue (usually legs)

-S/S: Increases w/ activity and skin changes

chronic venous insufficiency

Venous PVD in valves and walls of veins

-Difficult blood return, increased risk of deep vein thrombosis

-S/S: swelling in legs, varicose veins, skin changes

Stenosis

valve narrowing

Insufficiency

can't close or open effectively

What are the 3 cardiomyopathies?

Dilated: chambers dilate, muscle walls become thin and weak

→ systolic dysfunction

Hypertrophic: heart walls thick and stiff, non-compliant

→ diastolic dysfunction

Restrictive: heart muscle stiff and hard

→ diastolic dysfunction