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50 Terms

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Protection for the eye
Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit

A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
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accessory structures of the eye
eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles
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eyelids
meet at the medial and lateral commissure
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eyelashes
\-Tarsal glands produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye

\-Ciliary glands are located between the eyelashes
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conjunctiva
membrane that lines the eyelids

connects to the surface of the eye

secretes mucus to lubricate the eye and keep it moist

conjuctivitst is inflammation of the conjunctiva results in red irritated eyes, caused by a virus or bacteria very contagious

inflammation can be caused by dust
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lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal gland and ducts that drain into nasal cavity
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lacrimal gland
produce lacrimal fluid, situated on lateral aspect of each eye
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lacrimal canaliculi
drain lacrimal fluid from eyes medially
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lacrimal sac
provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity
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nasolacrimal duct
empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity
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function of lacrimal apparatus
Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye

Empties into the nasal cavity
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lacrimal secretions contain
dilute salt solution, mucus, antibodies, lysozyme
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extrinsic eye muscles
6 muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye and produce eye movements

these muscles are controlled by cranial nerves 3, 4, 6
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Structure of the eye
ensor-Layers forming the wall of the eyeball:

fibrous layer

outside layer

vascular layer

middle layer

sensory layer

inside layer

humors are fluids that fill the interior of the eyeball
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the fibrous layer
sclera and cornea
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Sclera
* White connective tissue layer
* Seen anteriorly as the "white of the eye"
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Cornea
transparent, central anterior portion

allows for right to pass through

repairs itself easily

the only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection

\
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vascular layer
choroid is a blood rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye

modified anteriorly into 2 structures
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ciliary body
smooth muscle attached to lens by ciliary body-smooth muscle attached to lens by ciliary zone
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iris
regulates the amount of light entering the eye

pigmented layer that gives eye color
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pupil
rounded opening in the iris
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sensory layer
retina contains two layers


1. outer pigmented layer absorbs light and prevents it from scattering
2. inner neural layer contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)

rods

cones
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outer pigmented layer
absorbs light and prevents it from scattering
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inner neural layer
Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)

rods

cones
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Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
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Cones
allows for detailed color vision

dense in the center of the retina
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fovea centralis
lateral to blind spot

\-Area of the retina with only cones
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lens
biconvex crystal like structure

held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

cataracts result when the lens beep,es hard and opaque with age
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2 segments or chamber of the eye
lens divide the eye into two chamber
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Anterior (aqueous) segment
anterior to the lens, contains aqueous humor
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Posterior (vitreous) segment
posterior to the lens, contains vitreous humor
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aqueous humor
water fluid found between lens and cornea

similar to blood plasma

helps maintain interocular pressure

reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus (canal of schleming)
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posterior segment
contains vitreous humor
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vitreous humor
jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
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ophthalmo scope
instrument for examining the eye

can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina.
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Pathway of light through the eye
Light enters eye -\> cornea -\> aqueous humor -\> lens -\> vitreous humor -\> neural layer of retina
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accommmodation
the lens mist change sable to focus on closer objects
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real images are
reversed from left to right, upside down, smaller than the object
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visual field and visual pathways
optic charisma and optic tracts
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optic charisma
location where the optic nerves cross

fibers from the medial side of each eye brass over to the opposite sides of the brain
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optic tracts
contain gibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye.
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emmetropia
focuses imaged correctly on the retina
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Myopia (nearsightedness)
a condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina.
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Hyperopia (farsightedness)
a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina.
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astigmatism
Images are blurry

Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens
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night blindness
inhabited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night
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color blindness
genetic conditions that result in the ability to see certain colors
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Glaucoma
can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye
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macular degeneration
causes vision loss and is an incurable eye disease, the center portion of the retina degenerates caused by genetics
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Canal of Schlemma
the scleral venous sinus