Grammatical Terminology

Consonant

Letters that represent a certain speech sound; sound that involves blocking air before it leaves the mouth with the tongue, lips, or throat

Beta (β)

Gamma (γ)

Delta (δ)

Zeta (ζ)

Theta (θ)

Kappa (κ)

Lambda (λ)

Mu (μ)

Nu (ν)

Xi (ξ)

Pi (π)

Rho (ρ)

Sigma (σ / ς) — Note: uses ς at the end of a word and σ elsewhere

Tau (τ)

Phi (φ)

Chi (χ)

Psi (ψ)

Double Consonant

The same consonant appears two times in a row in the word.

Aspirated consonants

Treated as a tuh or th sound; a stop sound pronounced with a forceful burst of breath

Rough breathing mark

ὁ
indicates a word starts with an “h” sound

Smooth breathing mark

ὀ
indicates the absence of an “h” sound

Verb (Words that indicate action) endings are affected by

Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), Number (Plural, Singular, Dual), Voice (Active, Middle, Passive), Tense (Past, present), Mood (Infinitive, Imperative, Indicitave)

Noun (Person, place or thing) endings are affected by

Case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative), Number (Plural, dual, singular), and Gender (Female, male, neuter)

Nominative case

Subject of sentence and complement of the verb “to be”

Genitive case

Used after certain prepositions (those that express motion from a place)

Dative case

Used after certain prepositions (those that indiczte the place where someone is or something is happening)

Accusative case

Indicates the direct object of a transitive (verb that NEEDS object to have meaning), and used to indicate motion toward someone or something

Vocative case

Used to address a person,

Cases are used on…

Articles, adjectives, nouns

Indicative MOOD (Verbs)

Used for real statements, assertions, and direct questions. It represents actions viewed as actual facts in past, present, or future time.

Imperative MOOD (Verbs)

Used to give direct orders, instructions, prohibitions, or requests.

Infinitive MOOD (Verbs)

Functions as a verbal noun (translated as "to [verb]", e.g., "to run"). It names the action of the verb without specifying a personal subject or grammatical number.