APH CH 13 Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular System

Function

- Homeostasis by transportation

- Transports: oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, heat, CO2

Cardiovascular System

3 Parts

heart (central)

blood vessels (peripheral)

blood (transport median)

Arteries-

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

Veins-

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

Right side-

Pulmonary circuit- gets rid of CO2 and picks up O2 (gas exchange)

Left side-

Systemic circuit- pumps blood to the body (with O2), works harder, BP

Pericardium –

Thick fibrous membrane that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels

Visceral pericardium –

Thin membrane directly covers the heart

Epicardium-

outer layer

Myocardium-

thick, muscular middle layer

Endocardium-

Inner layer

Atria (atrium: singular)-

thin wall, receives blood from body or lungs (right and left)

Ventricle-

thick, muscular wall, delivers blood to body (right and left)

Valves-

Allows blood to flow in only one direction

Bicuspid / Mitral Valve-

Left side, between left atrium and left ventricle

Tricuspid Valve-

Right Side, between right atrium and right ventricle

Semilunar:

Pulmonary Valve-

Right side, allows blood to leave right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary artery

Semilunar:

Aortic Valve-

Left side, allows blood to leave the left ventricle to body via aorta

left ventricle has _____ walls

thicker

Apex-

bottom point of the heart

Base-

top portion of the heart

Resting heart rate range ______ BPM

40 - 90

Average resting heart rate _____ BPM

60-70

Maximum pulse (heartbeat) is

220 – age

Exercise should be between _________ of your max HR to work your cardiovascular system for 30-45 mins

60% - 85%

Systole –

“SQUEEZE”

Diastole –

“DIALATE”

Ventricles and Atria work in

opposition

When the atria contract,

the ventricles relax

When the ventricles contract,

the atria relax

The measurement of atria systole and

ventricle diastole is called

blood pressure

Equipment used for measuring blood pressure is a __________ and __________

stethoscope ; sphygmomanometer

The Heart Sounds

– caused when valves ________!

close

1st “Lubb” –

A/V Valves (Bi and Tri) closes

2nd “Dubb” –

Semilunar Valves (pulmonary and aortic) closes

A ______ ______ is when one or more of your valves don’t close properly causing the backward flow of blood. The sound can be heard while using a stethoscope.

heart murmur

ECG / EKG =

Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram records electrical changes that occur in the ________ during the cycle

myocardium

P Wave-

Atrial systole

depolarization of the atria

initiated by the SA node

QRS Complex-

- Ventricular systole

Depolarization of the ventricle

repolarization of atria

T Wave-

Repolarization of ventricle

ventricular diastole

Normal ECG below

An ECG with Tachycardia (fast)

An ECG with Bradycardia (slow)

PAC – premature atrial contraction

PVC- Premature ventricular contraction

Natural Pacemaker –

S-A Node

(sinoatrial node)

Parasympathetic Nervous System –

Regulates HR – depending on the body’s needs

Cardiac Control Center –

Medulla Oblongata (brain stem)

- Also impulses from cerebrum (entire brain) & hypothalamus (diencephalon)

Arteries

Thick walls - 3 layers

Tunica interna

Tunica media

Tunica externa

Arteries

High Pressure

(except for Pulmonary Artery)

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood

(except for Pulmonary Artery)

Arteries

Middle tunica layer has

thick walls due to smooth muscles

Vasoconstriction

Diameter reduces as smooth muscles contract

Vasodilation

Diameter increases as smooth muscles relax

Arterioles

Arteries eventually give rise to smaller, finer branches

Arterioles

Larger arterioles have three layers similar to arteries

Arterioles

Walls become thinner as they approach capillaries

Capillaries

Smallest diameter blood vessel

Capillaries

Where gas exchange (diffusion) takes place, extremely thin walls

Capillaries

Denser areas of capillaries occur where metabolism rates are higher

- Muscles and nerves have more capillaries

- Cartilage, cornea, epidermis lack capillaries

Capillaries

Connects arterioles (lead away from the heart) to venules (lead back to the heart)

Venules

Small branches leading from capillaries that supply blood to veins

Veins

Bring blood back to the heart under low pressure

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)

Veins

Has three distinct layers like arteries, but the middle layer is poorly developed

Veins

Veins have thinner walls, less smooth muscle, less elastic tissue

Veins

have valves to prevent back flow

Veins

Lumen (hole) has greater diameter

Arteries

1. Common Carotid (rt/lf)

2. Subclavian (rt/lf)

3. Brachiocephalic

4. Aortic (arch)

5. Common Iliac (rt/lf)

6. Brachial (rt/lf)

7. Radial (rt/lf)

8. Ulnar (rt/lf)

9. Axillary (rt/lf)

10. Femoral (rt/lf)

11. Popliteal (rt/lf)

12. Anterior / Posterior Tibial (rt/lf)

Veins

1. Internal Jugular (rt/lf)

2. Brachiocephalic (rt/lf)

3. Subclavian (rt/lf)

4. Vena Cava (superior/inferior)

5. Axillary (rt/lf)

6. Brachial (rt/lf)

7. Radial (rt/lf)

8. Ulnar (rt/lf)

9. Common Iliac (rt/lf)

10. Femoral (rt/lf)

11. Greater Saphenous (rt/lf)

12. Popliteal (rt/lf)

Dietary Fats

Not all fats are created equal

Ex: Saturated, Polyunsaturated, Monounsaturated and Trans fat

Your Body NEEDS Fats for

Energy

Protection/cushioning

Cell Membrane

Nervous system (myelin)

Carried Fat-soluble Vitamins- A, D, E, K

Hormones

Blood Clotting

Maintain healthy hair & skin

Protects organs

Body insulated

Sense of fullness after a meal

Extra calories =

weight gain and obesity

Obesity-

diabetes, heart disease, cancer, gallstones, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis

Increase blood cholesterol (sat and trans) =

Coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis

Saturated fats

Unsaturated fats

Healthy Fats are

liquid at room temperature

Healthy Fats

Monounsaturated –

Ex- olive oil, peanuts, canola oils, avocados, most nuts

Healthy Fats

Polyunsaturated-

Ex- Vegetable oil (safflower, corn, sunflower, soy, and cottonseed oils)

Healthy Fats

Omega-3 fatty acids-

Cold water fish- salmon, mackerel, herring; flaxseed or flax oil, walnut oil, small amounts in soybean and canola oils

Harmful fats are

usually solid or waxy at room temp

Harmful fats

Saturated Fats-

ex: animal products (red meat, poultry, butter, whole milk) coconut, palm, other tropical oils

Harmful fats

Trans Fats-

Preserves foods longer; Adding hydrogen to vegetable oils through hydrogenation; Body’s enzymes unable to break down

ex: bake good (cookies, crackers, cakes), fried foods (doughnuts, french fries), margarine

Harmful fats

Dietary Cholesterol-

Body naturally makes it; also comes from animal products- meat, chicken, seafood, eggs, dairy products, butter

Total Cholesterol =

> 200

Blood Cholesterol

LDL (bad) =

> 100

can build up on the walls of your arteries and increase your chances of getting heart disease

Blood Cholesterol

HDL (good) =

< 60

protects against heart disease by taking the "bad" cholesterol out of your blood and keeping it from building up in your arteries. Exercise! & reduce trans fats

Blood Cholesterol

Triglycerides =

> 150

chemical form in which most fat exists in food and the body; contribute to atherosclerosis

Blood flows

right to left

Tricuspid valve has __ flaps

3

Bicuspid has ___ flaps

2

Systole number is ______ than diastole number

higher

Hypertension is when

walls of arteries start to break down

Hypotension is when there is

not enough blood flowing through the blood vessels

Heart is ______ of brain and spinal cord

independent

Arrhythmia -

abnormalities of heart beat

Purkinje fibers

activate muscles for a greater contraction embedded in myocardium and endocardium