PSYCH 127A Exam 2

Obsessions

Recurrent, persistent, thoughts, urges, or images and the need to deal with it through a thought or action

contamination

disgust with germs

Aggression

fear or harming others

religious/scrupulosity obsessions

worries about blasphemous thoughts

Compulsions

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that they need to do from an obsession or to reduce anxiety

Basal ganglia

What part of the brain should be stimulated to improve OCD symptoms?

Conditioning

not checking paired with something bad happening

Magical thinking

believing an events is caused by another without any link of causation

thought action fusion

Belief that simply having a thought about an event makes that even more likely to occur

What do you do in CBT for OCD?

repeat exposures to negative, unwanted thoughts paired with response prevention

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their value

Trichotillomania

the urge to pull one’s own hair from anywhere on the body

Excoriation

repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin, leading to tissue damage

Affective Mood

how a person presents their mood

Cognitive Mood

How the person is thinking

Behavioral Mood

what the person is doing

Physiological Mood

How the body is functioning

Mood disorders

disturbances in emotions that causes subjective discomfort and/or hinder a person’s ability to function

Major Depressive Disorder

at least one major depressive episode that include a depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasure

Persistent Depressive Disorder

chronic, mild depression where you are sad most of the days and have this for at least 2 years

Cognitive Vulnerability-Stress Model

Higher levels of thinking styles and stress in the beginning of early adolescence in girls rather than boys

Biological factors model for gender differences in depression

Puberty for girls may sensitize females to the depressogenic effects of negative life events

5-HTTLPR

genetic variation within the serotonin transporter gene, people with short-short or long-short experience higher levels of depression

Cognitive Distortions

Irrational thoughts and thought patterns that may lead to the development and maintenance of anxiety and depression

all or nothing thinking

You view a situation in only two categories instead of on a continuum

fortune telling

you predict that something negative is going to happen in the future

disqualifying the positive

You tell yourself that positive experiences, deeds, or qualities do not count

confusing feelings with facts

You thinking something must be true because you feel it so strongly, ignoring or discounting evidence to the contrary

labeling

Put a fixed, global label on yourself or others without considering that the evidence leads to something not as big of a deal

Mind reading

You believe you know what others are thinking and you don’t try and actually prove if its right

Mental filter

you pay attention to one negative detail instead of seeing the whole picture

should statements

Precise, fixed idea of how you or others should behave and over estimate how bad it is that expectations are not met

Familismo

centrality of the family as a source of loyalty, support, and identity

Personalismo

trust, warmth, and attention to another

Machismo

stereotypical notion of misplace bravado, aggressiveness, dominance, womanizing, and toughness

Anorexia Nervosa

restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to significantly low body weight

Bulimia Nervosa

Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain

Binge Eating

Eating excess amounts of food in a discrete period of time

Insula

Where in the brain taste is sense and integrated with reward to help determine whether an individual is hungry or full

Who has an enhanced ability to delay reward compared to healthy individuals?

anorexia nervosa

Anticipation of food usually triggers a _____ response, but with people with AN food makes them anxious

Dopamine

Parents of anorexic children

They are against independence, more rigid and cohesive, as well as have worse communication

Parents with bulimia

have high parental expectations and critical comments from other family members about shape, weight, or eating

Maudsley Model

parents and caregivers play an active and positive role in restoring kids weight to normal levels, control their eating, encouragement through family therapy

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality, disturbances in thinking/perception

Positive symptoms of psychosis

hallucinations and delusions

Disorganized symptoms

Disorganized speech and behavior

cognitive symptoms

Difficulties with attention, learning, memory

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences or perceptions in the absence of a stimulus or sensory input

5 types of hallucinations

auditory, visual, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory hallucinations

delusions

Strong, inaccurate, or unusual thoughts or beliefs that persist in the face of conflicting evidence

Delusions of reference

Belief that external signals have a special meaning just for them

persecutory delusions

Belief that others are watching and trying to harm them

grandiose delusions

Belief that one is skilled, important, or has powers

somatic delusions

Belief that something is wrong with their body

religious delusions

beliefs with religious themes or content

erotomanic delusions

belief that someone is in love with them

Jealous delusions

belief that their partner is being unfaithful

guilt delusions

Belief that they have done something horribly wrong for which they should be punished

thought-related delusions

Beliefs that an outside force is influencing their thoughts against their will

thought withdrawal

Thoughts being removed from their head

Thought insertion

Thoughts being put into their head

thought control

thoughts being changed or monitored

thought broadcasting

thoughts being played out loud so that others can hear them

Derailment

difficulty maintaining the topic of a conversation

tangentiality

giving answers in an unrelated manner

incoherence

words and phrases are strung together seemingly nonsensically

Circumstantiality

giving excessively long winded answers but ultimately reaching the goal

incoherence

word salad where words and phrases are strung together nonsensically

neologisms

creation of new idiosyncratic words

disorganized affect

Inappropriate emotional behavior

Catatonia

markedly reduced motor reactivity

Avolition

lack of motivation (apathy)

alogia

without words, reduced speech output

anhedonia

Lack of pleasure or interest in activities

asociality

social withdrawal

affective flattening

muted expression of emotion

The 5 difficulties in cognitive symptoms

attention - initiating and sustaining focus

Working memory - mental manipulation of information

Learning and memory - retention and recall

Speed of processing - generally slowed

Executive functions - reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making

Psychotic episode

increased frequency and severity of symptoms

psychotic disorder

psychotic episodes not due to another condition

Schizophrenia criteria

2 or more symptoms present for significant portion of time during a 1 month period

Functioning in one or more major areas is below premorbid estimates

Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months

Prodromal Phase

1 to 2 year period before fully-psychotic symptoms emerge such as feeling like something is not quite right, jumbles thoughts and confusion, fear, feeling like you brain is tricking you, intermittently hearing, seeing, smelling, declining interest in people, trouble concentrating

prodromal phase

early warning signs

active/acute

Symptoms of fully psychotic severity

Residual

Tapering down of symptoms to individual’s new baseline until next episode’s onset

People with _____ parents tend to have a more risk of schizophrenia

older

hypoxia

when the baby loses oxygen for a period of time

COMT gene

Provides instruction for making an enzyme that degrades catechloamines including dopamine

dopamine hypothesis

schizophrenia is caused by overactive dopamine

Amphetamines

induce hallucinations and delusions in habitual users

Hypofrontality

less active frontal lobes

expressed emotion in the family

critical comments, hostile remarks, emotional over-involvement

drift hypothesis

deteriorating mental health results in lower socioeconomic states and increases stress

social causation

having low SE causes stress which leads to the development of mental illness

tardive dyskinesia

causes stiff, jerky uncontrollable movement of the face and body

Assertive Community Treatment

medically monitored non-residential service

illness management and recovery

motivational, educational, and cognitive behavioral techniques to engage clients as a active participants in their care

CBT for Schizophrenia

Non-confrontational and normalizing psychotic experiences