US History Unit 2: Establishing America REVIEW

Articles of Confederation

In which constitution was power given to states, weak central government, no tax collection, 1 vote per state, ONLY legislative branch

US Constitution

In which constitution was lot of power given to federal government, involved the Whiskey Rebellion, had House of Representatives, had Senates, and 3 branches of government (Executive, Judicial, Legislative)

Whiskey Rebellion

Whiskey tax but WITH representation

Pros of Confederation

States help/protect each other and power given to states to support the country

Cons of Confederation

States with differing opinions will lead to conflict and weak central government (Congress)

Precedent

Standard/Benchmark set for future presidents

Judiciary Act of 1789

• Created Federal Court System

• Created Office of the US Attorney General

• Created Judicial System

Federalists

These people are FOR a strong central government (US Constitution), incapable of self-government, and FOR commerce, finance, and trade

Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Federalists)

These people are FOR individual states (Articles of Confederation), capable of self-government, FOR the farming economy, and supported the common man

Alexander Hamilton

This man was wealthy Federalist who supported the federal government and believed it should be led by an educated elite of upper-class citizens, supported by people in the North

Thomas Jefferson

This man was a Democratic-Republican because he supported small farms and the working class, supported by people in South and West

Effect: Different political parties

Cause: Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans

Sectionalism

Exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic Incident between US and France where French Diplomats (XYZ) demanded bribes and loans from American diplomats negotiating a treaty

John Adams

This federalist president sent American diplomats to negotiate with France, but was responded to with demands. Yet, he decided declaring war would further divide the country, so he didn’t

Effects of XYZ Affair

• creation of Department of Navy

• construction of warships

• American ships attacked French vessels

• hostilities were settled with Treaty of Mortefontaine (1801)

Sedition

The crime of creating a revolt, disturbance, or violence against lawful civil authority with the intent to cause its overthrow or destruction

Alien Act

Act where president can deport non-citizens and permit their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation

Sedition Act

Act where it’s a crime for citizens to act against the government (restrict freedom of speech)

Election of 1800

Jefferson won campaign against Adams leading to the 12th amendment and Judiciary Acts

12th Amendment

States that President and Vice President have separate ballots (can be voted individually)

Marbury vs Madison

William Marbury’s (midnight judge) official commission wasn’t delivered before Adams left office, so he never got the position. When Jefferson took office, his Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver Marbury’s commission, so Marbury sued Madison. This establishes the Judicial Review.

Louisiana Purchase

France gives up land west of Mississippi River for $15 million which doubles the size of US

Midnight Judges

John Adams appointed a bunch of federal judges in courts to keep his party’s influence in courts after he left office

Lewis and Clark Expedition

A year after the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson sent these two men to explore the new territory they gained, and so they traveled to the Pacific Ocean and back.

Sacagawea

• wife of a French trapper hired as a guide

• helps Lewis and Clark by aiding them with horses and supplies, and providing directions

War of 1812

This occurred due to the kidnapping of US Soldiers by England —> Stalemate War —> Andrew Jackson becomes a national HERO

Era of Good Feelings

• Nationalism

• Monroe Doctrine

• Expansion

1819 Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain

US gains Florida from Spain, while Spain keeps Texas

(agreed on boundary line)

1823 Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe warns Europe not to interfere with America

Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Missouri enters US as a slave state

• Maine enters US as a free state

• Slavery prohibited in Louisiana territory

Central Issue

Whether Congress had the power to create the bank and whether states could tax it (Federal law over state law)

Effect of War of 1812

• Increased patriotism

• Weakened Native American resistance

• Growth of manufacturing

Shay’s Rebellion

Came after the Whiskey tax, and led to the improvement from Articles of Confederation to the Constitution

Virginia Plan

Led to the Great Compromise

Great Compromise

• introduced Virginia plan

• 2 senators per state

• House of Representatives beaded on population

3/5 Compromise

Agreement that 3/5 of slaves are counted as one free person so southern states have more influence on Congress

Slave Trade Compromise

It dealt with international slave trade which prohibits Congress’s ban of importing enslaved people and allows slave trade to continue for the next 20 years

Bill of Rights

Amendments that protect citizens’ rights and freedom

Market Revolution

Producing goods for others in factories under clocks for wages (more faster and efficient)

Presidential Election of 1824

Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, or Henry Clay did not reach the majority electoral votes needed to be elected

Mudslinging

Candidates take aim at others by insulting them and accusing them of crimes in hope of damaging their campaigns.

Electors

States appoint these people to vote for presidential candidates (if majority votes not reached, House of Representatives decide)

Henry Clay

Before Corrupt Bargain: Speaker of House

After Corrupt Bargain: Secretary of State

Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay made deal with John Adams that if Henry gets the House to vote for him to become president, then Henry would become Secretary of State.

Andrew Jackson

• Supported the common man

• Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero

• Stood up against Congress by vetoing bills

Jacksonian Democracy

More common people started to run for political positions after Jackson became president

Spoils System

New candidate taking office gets rid of previous employees and puts in new employees from their presidency

Removal of Natives

• Displacement of Natives

• Assimilation (making them Christian)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Jackson believe solution was to move Native Americans further West

(Followed by Worcester vs Georgia)

Worcester vs Georgia

Natives sought legal representation in courts, but Jackson wanted them OUT which led to the Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

• Cherokee sent westward

• Destination: Oklahoma

• Government officials stole their money

• Bandits took their goods & livestock

Goals of American System

• strong national bank

• tariff on foreign goods

• national transportation system