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Compensating Differentials
Wage differences due to job characteristics such as safety, difficulty, or fun.
Nonmonetary Characteristics
features that don’t involve pay but still affect how people feel about their work
What factors contribute to equilibrium wages in a job market?
Job differences, compensating differentials, human capital, and various personal attributes.
Human Capital
The accumulation of investments in people, including education and on-the-job training.
Signaling in Education
The idea that educational qualifications serve as a signal of a worker's ability, rather than solely increasing productivity.
Effort and Chance
Factors influencing wages, where effort results in higher earnings and chance can affect job opportunities.
The Superstar Phenomenon
The observation that top performers in certain fields earn disproportionately higher wages compared to average performers.
Minimum Wage
A legally mandated lowest wage that can be paid to workers, which can lead to wages above equilibrium.
Labor Market Discrimination
The practice of offering different opportunities or wages to similar individuals based on personal characteristics like race or gender.
Statistical Discrimination
Discrimination arising from using irrelevant personal attributes to make assumptions about relevant characteristics.
What role does education play in wage determination?
Education can enhance productivity and serve as a signaling tool for potential employers.
What happens to labor demand when wages are above equilibrium?
Labor demand typically decreases, leading to a surplus of labor or unemployment.
EX: night shift vs. day shift
Night shifts tend to pay more due to less desirability compared to day shifts.
What effect does technology have on the labor market?
Technology tends to displace unskilled labor while increasing the demand for skilled labor.
Compensating Differentials for Education
The wage difference between educated and uneducated workers as compensation for the cost of schooling.
Examples of Wages Above Equilibrium
Minimum wages, union bargaining, and efficiency wages that incentivize productivity.
What is the implication of labor supply exceeding demand?
It leads to a surplus of labor, resulting in unemployment.
Discrimination from Employers
Employers may face pressure to hire the best candidates regardless of personal biases.
Customer and Government Discrimination
When discrimination aligns with customer preferences or is supported by government policies, wage disparities can continue unchallenged.
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