APSC 530 Repro Exam 3 SG

Cervix

Separates the UTERUS from the VAGINA

Broad Ligament

-Sling-like structure that suspends the tract in the abdominal cavity

-Specifically suspends: Uterus, Oviduct, Ovaries

Mesovarian

*Broad Ligament Anatomy*

-attaches and suspends the ovary

Mesoalpinx

*Broad Ligament Anatomy*

-attaches to oviduct

-part of the lining of the abdominal cavity in higher vertebrates

Mesometrium

*Broad Ligament Anatomy*

-largest section of BL

- attaches to uterus and stretches as fetus grows

1. Medulla

2. Cortex

The Two Gross Anatomy Regions of the Ovary:

Cortex

Ovary Gross Regional Anatomy

–where follicles are housed

–peripheral region

Medulla

Ovary Gross Regional Anatomy

--numerous vessels enter here

–central region

1. Oocytes

2. Estradiol (E2) Progesterone (P4)

Ovary Functions

The EXOCRINE function of the ovary is that it produces ________ (HINT: cells)

The ENDOCRINE function of the ovary is that it produces __________

Endocrine hormones are secreted into the bloodstream to act on other parts of the body, while exocrine hormones are eventually excreted outside on any epithelial surface

Estrous Cycle

Cyclic Changes of the Ovary

—limited period of time when females are sexually receptive to male, aka “in heat”

—defined by changes in hormonal patterns, many of which occur because of structures on the ovary

-If no pregnancy occurs, the cycle resumes without menstruation

Menstrual Cycle

Cyclic Changes of the Ovary

-period from start of one menses to the next

-if pregnancy doesn’t occur, the endometrial lining is shed as menstrual blood

Folliculogenesis

Follicular Development

-the process by which immature ovarian follicles develop into mature (Graafian) follicles, which are capable of ovulating an oocyte

True

T/F: Ducts are generally created by epithelial cells

Corpus Luteum

Ovarian Structures

-created from remnants of cells that used to make up the follicle

-1^st recorded in cow and it was yellow; most species it’s actually white

Corpus Albicans

Ovarian Structures

- dead version of Corpus Luteum

Superficial Epithelium

Ovarian Structures

-outermost surface of ovary

-typically squamous or cuboidal in shape

Tunica Albuginea

Ovarian Structures

-dense connective tissue layer that covers ovary’s surface

-located beneath superficial epithelium

Stroma

Ovarian Structures

-connective tissue surrounding follicles

Primordial Follicle

Follicular Development

-forms when primordial Germ Cells (PGC) move into genital ridge

-surrounded by pregranulosa cells (squamous ep.)

-stimulation of development is unknown

Primary Follicle

Follicular Development

-–Oocytes surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

Secondary Follicle

Follicular Development

-More than 1 layer of cuboidal granulosa. cells

-no cavity (antrum) formation

-still have oocyte and eggs in the middle

Tertiary Follicle

Follicular Development

–Get pockets of follicular fluid

–Increased follicular size

–Cavity (antrum) formation begins

–Antrum filled with follicular fluid

•Follicular fluid – produced by granulosa cells

Graafian Follicle

–Cavity (antrum) formed

–These follicles can be palpated

–Wall of follicle thins and erupts at ovulation

False: CUBOIDAL CELLS

T/F: SQUAMOUS CELLS are referred to as granulosa cells when they start to produce estrogen.

Granulosa

Tachycardia cells have multiple layers of ________ cells and an antrum cavity filled w/ follicular fluid that’s produced by these cells.

Gap Junctions

Follicle Anatomy

-granulosa cells are interconnected allowing oocyte to give and receive info

-granulosa cells communicate via these

Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF-9)

Follicle Anatomy

-1^st oocyte protein discovered

- Directs oocyte growth

- In “Knocked out animals”; follicles cease

   developing at primary follicle stage

Knockout Animal

-a genetically modified animal where a specific gene has been intentionally inactivated or removed

-CRISPR can knock genes out or in

Connective Tissue Cells

These are always found under the basement membrane

Theca Externa

Follicle Anatomy

-Cells that are outside Basement Membrane

-outermost layer of granulosa cells

-don’t produce hormones

Theca Interna

Follicle Anatomy

-The inner-most layer that is closest to the granulosa cells

-has many blood vessels; produce Testosterone leaves vessels and stimulates theca and granulosa cells

Basement Membrane

separates theca interna and granulosa cells

Ovulation

-defined as: purposeful degradation of tissue

-occurs due to enzymatic digestion of the preovulatory follicular wall (STIGMA)

-occurs on very specific area on oocyte

1. Induced

2. Spontaneous

______ ovulation requires mating for ovulation to occur. (EX: rabbit, camel, cat)

_____ ovulation ovulate whether mated or not (EX: human, livestock)

Angiogenesis

-occurs rarely outside of ovary

-important part of CL development

-movement of the blood vessels of the theca interna into the GC layer

-granulosa cells produce factors that draw the blood vessles

-ensures follicle and CL have the nutrients they need

Corpus Hemorragicum

–Blood filled remains of ruptured follicle

–Very little P4 production

Corpus Luteum

–Formed from tissue of ruptured follicle

–Increased P4 production

Leteotropic Signal

CL signals

-CL maintenance and growth

Leuteolytic Signals

CL signals

-CL regression and degeneration

Leuteolysis

CL undergoes this as a result of prostaglandin F2 alpha which produces progesterone

pituitary gland

The _____ ______ controls the function and formation of the CL

sows

In _____ after the LH surge (which triggers ovulation), the corpus luteum can form and function without further help from the pituitary.

• So, even if you removed the pituitary after ovulation, the CL would still work and produce progesterone.

Guinea Pigs

In ____ ____ The initial LH surge from the pituitary is needed, but ongoing pituitary support is not

-pituitary needed until like day 3 or 4 of the cycle

ewes

In ______:

• The CL always depends on LH from the pituitary throughout the entire luteal phase.

• If you remove the pituitary at any point, the CL will regress and stop producing progesterone.

Ampullary-isthmic Junction

Area on the oviduct where fertilization takes place

Horses

•In ______, only a fertilized egg can pass on from the ampullary-isthmic junction to the uterus

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

How do we distinguish between a fertilized and unfertilized egg?

Isthmus

the narrow part of the oviduct closest to the uterus. It plays a key role in coordinating the transport of:

• Sperm (from uterus → ampulla)

• Ova (egg) (from ovary → ampulla)

-sperm travels up ovum travels down

Uterotubular Junction

In sow, regulates the number of sperm that can enter uterus to prevent polyspermy

1. Muscle Contraction

2. Secretory activity of non ciliated cells (oviductal fluid)

3. Cilia

Name 3 Primary Mechanisms for Gamete Transport

Duplex Uterus

Uterus that has two cervical openings

IN PIC

-Maruspials have 2 vaginal openings

-rabbits have single vaginal opening

Bicornuate Uterus

-result of mullerian duct fusion to form Y shaoe

-Y-shaped, with two long horns and a common body and cervix, as in most carnivores

Bipartatite Uterus

-two separate uteri emptying into a common cervix

Simplex Uterus

-Result of nearly complete mullerian duct fusion

-no uterine horns

Serosa (Perimetrium)

-outermost layer of the uterus

-thin layer of connective tissue covered by a serous membrane

Muscularis (Myometrium)

-middle layer of uterus

-consists of smooth muscle

Mucosa (Endometrium)

-innermost lining of the uterus

-where embryo implants and develops

-cell types are simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium

Uterine Glands

-embedded in endometrium

-secrete uterine milk (histotroph)