Chapter 7: Learning

Discrimination

________: demonstrated when a CR (such as an alarm reaction) occurs to one stimulus (a sound) but not to others.

Positive Reinforcement

________: occurs when a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus.

Habituation

________: a decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus.

Punishment

________: occurs when a response is weakened by outcomes that follow it.

Preparedness

________: means that through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed (prewired) to learn some associations more easily than others.

Extinction

________: a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear.

discriminative stimuli

Stimulus Control: A behavior that is influenced by ________ is said to be under.

Anticipatory Nausea

________ and Vomiting (ANV): they become nauseated and may vomit anywhere from minutes to hours before a treatment session.

Self Efficacy

________: which represents peoples belief that they have the capability to perform behaviors that will produce the desired outcome.

Skinner Box

________: a special chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally.

Reinforcement

________: a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it.

Spontaneous Recovery

________: the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials.

Classical Conditioning

________: in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli (e.g., a song and a pleasant event) such that one stimulus (the song) comes to elicit a response (feeling happy) that originally was elicited only by the other stimulus (the pleasant event)

Higher Order Conditioning

________: a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

Partial

________ (intermittent) Reinforcement: only a portion of the responses of a particular type are reinforced.

USC

Unconditioned Stimulus (________): a stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (the UCR) without prior learning.

CS

Conditioned Stimulus (________): a stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR.

Cognitive Map

________: a mental representation of the spatial layout.

Negative Reinforcement

________: a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus.

Secondary

________ (conditioned) reinforcers: are stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers.

UCR

Unconditioned Response (________): a reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning.

Social Cognitive Theory

________ (formerly known as Social- Learning Theory): emphasizes that people learn by observing the behavior of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their lives.

Token Economies

________: in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens (e.g., points, gold stars) that are later turned in for other reinforcers (e.g., prizes, recreation time)

Stimulus Generalization

________: stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR.

Taste Aversion

Conditioned ________: a conditioned response in which the taste (and sometimes the sight and smell) of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive.

Discriminative Stimulus

________: a signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences.

Escape Conditioning

________: the organism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus.

Exposure Therapies

________: in which a patient is exposed to a stimulus (CS) that arouses an anxiety response (such as fear) without the presence of the UCS, allowing extinction to occur.

Variable Ratio

________ (VR) Schedule: reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, all centered around an average.

Learning

a process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organisms behavior or capabilities

Habituation

a decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

Classical Conditioning

in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli (e.g., a song and a pleasant event) such that one stimulus (the song) comes to elicit a response (feeling happy) that originally was elicited only by the other stimulus (the pleasant event)

Unconditioned Stimulus (USC)

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (the UCR) without prior learning

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

  a reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

a stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

Conditioned Response (CR)

a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

Extinction

a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials

Stimulus Generalization

stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR

Discrimination

demonstrated when a CR (such as an alarm reaction) occurs to one stimulus (a sound) but not to others

Higher-Order Conditioning

a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

Exposure Therapies

in which a patient is exposed to a stimulus (CS) that arouses an anxiety response (such as fear) without the presence of the UCS, allowing extinction to occur

Aversion Therapy

attempts to condition an aversion (a repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behavior by pairing it with a noxious UCS

Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting(ANV)

they become nauseated and may vomit anywhere from minutes to hours before a treatment session

Operant Conditioning

s a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it

Skinner Box

a special chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally

Reinforcement

a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it

Punishment

  occurs when a response is weakened by outcomes that follow it

Discriminative Stimulus

a signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences

Positive Reinforcement

  occurs when a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

Primary Reinforcers

are stimuli, such as food and water, that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

are stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers

Negative Reinforcement

a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus

Operant Extinction

  is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

Aversive Punishment (positive punishment, or punishment by application)

a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

Response Cost (negative punishment, or punishment by removal)

a response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus

Shaping

which involves reinforcing "successive approximations" toward a final response

Chaining

is used to develop a sequence (chain) of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response

Operant generalization

an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one

Operant Discrimination

  means that an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another

Stimulus Control

A behavior that is influenced by discriminative stimuli is said to be under

Continuous Reinforcement

every response of a particular type is reinforced

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement

only a portion of the responses of a particular type are reinforced

Fixed-ratio (FR) Schedule

reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, all centered around an average

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

  reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval, centered around an average

Escape Conditioning

the organism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus

Avoidance Conditioning

the organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus

Two-factor theory of avoidance learning

both classical and operant conditioning are involved in avoidance learning

Token Economies

in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens (e.g., points, gold stars) that are later turned in for other reinforcers (e.g., prizes, recreation time)

Applied Behavior Analysis

which combines a behavioral approach with the scientific method to solve individual and societal problems

Preparedness

means that through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed (prewired) to learn some associations more easily than others

Conditioned Taste Aversion

a conditioned response in which the taste (and sometimes the sight and smell) of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive

Instinctive Drift

the tendency for a conditioned response to drift back toward instinctive behavior

Cognitive Map

a mental representation of the spatial layout

Latent Learning

which refers to learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later, when there is an incentive to perform

Observational learning

the learning that occurs by observing the behavior of a model

Social-Cognitive Theory (formerly known as Social-Learning Theory)

emphasizes that people learn by observing the behavior of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their lives

Self-Efficacy

which represents peoples belief that they have the capability to perform behaviors that will produce the desired outcome