HA Exam 4

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284 Terms

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Stubby

Type of dendritic spine

<p>Type of dendritic spine</p>
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Mushroom

Type of dendritic spine

<p>Type of dendritic spine</p>
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Thin

type of dendritic spine

<p>type of dendritic spine</p>
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Multipolar

Most abundant in the body. Major neuron type in the CNS. CNS —> target area

<p>Most abundant in the body. Major neuron type in the CNS. CNS —&gt; target area</p>
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Bipolar

Rare. Found in some special sensory organs (olfactory mucosa, eye, ear). Sensory receptors —> CNS

<p>Rare. Found in some special sensory organs (olfactory mucosa, eye, ear). Sensory receptors —&gt; CNS</p>
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Unipolar (Pseudounipolar)

Found mainly in the PNS. Common only in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves. Cells or tissues —> CNS

<p>Found mainly in the PNS. Common only in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves. Cells or tissues —&gt; CNS</p>
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Chemical synapse

Vesicular (axon and dendrite)

<p>Vesicular (axon and dendrite)</p>
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Electrical synapse

Nonvesicular

<p>Nonvesicular</p>
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Gap Junctions

Pass an electrical signal or current directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another through ____ (electrical synapse)

<p>Pass an electrical signal or current directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another through ____ (electrical synapse)</p>
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Ependymal cells

Create barriers between compartments. Source of neural stem cells. (CNS)

<p>Create barriers between compartments. Source of neural stem cells. (CNS)</p>
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Astrocytes

Take up K+, water, and neurotransmitters. Secrete neurotrophic factors. Help form the blood-brain barrier. Provide substrates for ATP production (CNS)

<p>Take up K<sup>+</sup>, water, and neurotransmitters. Secrete neurotrophic factors. Help form the blood-brain barrier. Provide substrates for ATP production (CNS)</p>
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Microglia 

Modified immune cell. Act as scavengers (CNS)

<p>Modified immune cell. Act as scavengers (CNS)</p>
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Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheaths (CNS)

<p>Form myelin sheaths (CNS)</p>
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Schwann cells

form myelin sheaths. Secrete Neurotrophic factors. (PNS)

<p>form myelin sheaths. Secrete Neurotrophic factors. (PNS)</p>
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Satellite cell

Support cell bodies (PNS)

<p>Support cell bodies (PNS)</p>
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Myelin

Multiple concentric layers of phospholipid membrane

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Schwann

_____ cell wraps around the axon many times

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Node of Ranvier

a section of unmyelinated axon membrane between two Schwann cells

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Ganglion

A collection of nerve cell bodies found outside of the CNS

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Axon

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Myelin sheath

lime green

<p>lime green</p>
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Fascicle

A bundle of axons (bright green)

<p>A bundle of axons (bright green)</p>
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Epineurium

Outer layer — becomes continuous with the dura mater (dark green)

<p>Outer layer — becomes continuous with the dura mater (dark green)</p>
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Perineurium

Layer surrounding a fascicle (dark blue)

<p>Layer surrounding a fascicle (dark blue)</p>
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Endoneurium

Layer surrounding a single axon (light blue)

<p>Layer surrounding a single axon (light blue)</p>
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Afferent signals

—> CNS

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Efferent signals

CNS —>

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Diverging circuit

One presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons

<p>One presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons</p>
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Converging circuit

Many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons

<p>Many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons</p>
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Reverberating circuit

One neuron receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit

<p>One neuron receives feedback from another neuron in the same circuit</p>
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Neural cortex

purple

<p>purple</p>
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Center

pink

<p>pink</p>
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Nucleus

orange

<p>orange</p>
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Tract

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Column

green

<p>green</p>
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Ganglion

blue

<p>blue</p>
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Nerve

Lavender

<p>Lavender</p>
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White matter

Mostly myelinated axons and contains very few cell bodies

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Gray matter

Nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals

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cranium

The brain is encased in the ____

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Dura mater

Outer most layer; lavender

<p>Outer most layer; lavender</p>
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Arachnoid mater

Subarachnoid space between the two layers (magenta)

<p>Subarachnoid space between the two layers (magenta)</p>
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Pia mater

Arteries are associated with this layer; red

<p>Arteries are associated with this layer; red</p>
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Meninges

They stabilize the neural tissue and protect it from bruising against the bones of the skeleton. (Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

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Falx cerebri

between cerebral hemispheres; red (dura mater)

<p>between cerebral hemispheres; red (dura mater)</p>
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Tentorium cerebelli

Separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum; orange (dura mater)

<p>Separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum; orange (dura mater)</p>
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Diaphragm sellae

lines the sella turcica of the sphenoid (dura mater)

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Falx cerebelli

divides two cerebellar hemispheres; yellow (dura mater)

<p>divides two cerebellar hemispheres; yellow (dura mater)</p>
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pia mater

Attached to the surface by astrocytes; highly vascularized membrane

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Dura mater

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Arachnoid mater

lime green

<p>lime green</p>
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Pia mater

bright green

<p>bright green</p>
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Subarachnoid space

dark green

<p>dark green</p>
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Cranium

light blue

<p>light blue</p>
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Loose connective tissue

dark blue

<p>dark blue</p>
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Epicranial aponeurosis

purple

<p>purple</p>
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Scalp

pink

<p>pink</p>
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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Formed by tight junctions that seal together endothelial cells of brain capillaries. Lipid soluble substance Oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, and anesthetic agents penetrate easily. Glucose can cross slowly. Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, choroid plexus, and medulla oblongata with highly permeable capillaries

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ATP

Half of the body glucose is necessary to produce ___

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

The extracellular environment of the neurons. It is a salty solution that is continuously secreted by the choroid plexus.

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Cerebrospinal fluid

Provides an optimal chemical environment (neuronal signaling). Allows exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue. It is a shock-absorbing fluid to prevent the brain from bumping against the interior of the skull.

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Ventricles

Four fluid filled chambers within the brain. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined by ependymal cells

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Inferior horn

lavender

<p>lavender</p>
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Gray matter

Includes: Nuclei that control blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

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White matter

Somatosensory tracts and corticospinal tracts (from the cerebellum to the spinal cord)

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pyramids

The corticospinal tracts cross the middle line of the opposite side of the body in a region known as the _______

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Pons

Relay station for information between the cerebellum and cerebrum

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Mesencephalon or Midbrain

Small area that lies between the lower brain stem and the diencephalon

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lateral ventricle

pink

<p>pink</p>
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Anterior horn

orange

<p>orange</p>
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Third ventricle

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Fourth ventricle

pastel green

<p>pastel green</p>
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Central canal

blue

<p>blue</p>
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Posterior horn

magenta

<p>magenta</p>
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Hypothalamus

Homeostasis and behavioral drives; forms the floor of the third ventricle; links the nervous and endocrine system; magenta

<p>Homeostasis and behavioral drives; forms the floor of the third ventricle; links the nervous and endocrine system; magenta</p>
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Thalamus

Coordinates motor activities; information filter; red

<p>Coordinates motor activities; information filter; red</p>
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Epithalamus

orange

<p>orange</p>
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Pineal gland

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Diencephalon

Overall structure

<p>Overall structure</p>
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Corpus callosum

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Thalamus

lime green

<p>lime green</p>
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Hypothalamus

bright green

<p>bright green</p>
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Infundibulum

dark green

<p>dark green</p>
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Pituitary gland

light blue

<p>light blue</p>
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Pineal gland

dark blue

<p>dark blue</p>
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Hypothalamus

knowt flashcard image
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Paraventricular nucleus

knowt flashcard image
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Pre-optic area

knowt flashcard image
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Autonomic centers

knowt flashcard image
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Tuberal nuclei

knowt flashcard image
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Mammillary bodies

knowt flashcard image
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus

knowt flashcard image
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Supra-optic nucleus

knowt flashcard image
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Paraventricular nucleus

blue

<p>blue</p>
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Preoptic nucleus

purple

<p>purple</p>
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Supraoptic nucleus

pink

<p>pink</p>
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus

orange

<p>orange</p>
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Mammillary body

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Vernis

yellow

<p>yellow</p>
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Anterior lobe

green

<p>green</p>