lsu kin 3502- exam 2 (wierts)

what is physical activity?

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure or any activity where you are not completely at rest

what are some examples of physical activity?

standing, walking, gardening, farming, jogging, playing, pickleball

what are the dimensions of PA?

mode, intensity, frequency, and duration

what are the 3 components of mode in PA?

activity, context, and physiological mechanisms

what are the two contents of mode in PA?

structured and incidental

what are examples of structured mode?

exercise and leisure

what are examples of incidental mode?

transportation, household/domestic, or occupational/work

what is exercise?

structured activity during free time with the goal of improving health, fitness, physical performance, and body composition

what are some examples of exercise?

upper body weightlifting session targeting arms, shoulders, chest, and back, a 4 mile run, yoga/pilates, a 30 minute walk on the treadmill at a speed of 3.5 mph and the incline set to 6

what is leisure time physical activity?

physical activities completed in one's free time that are unstructured, for enjoyment, and leisure

what are some examples of leisure time physical activity?

rec basketball game, walk with a friend with no intended pace or time, walking a dog, parent playing catch with child

what is transportation physical activity?

physical activities (walking, cycling) that provide transportation from point A to point B

what are some examples of transportation PA?

walking or cycling to work, walking to get groceries, riding bike to friends house

what is domestic physical activity?

physical activities completed to maintain ones home and domestic life

what are some examples of domestic physical activity?

gardening, vacuuming, cleaning, yard work

what is occupational physical activity?

physical activities completed for occupational and work-related tasks

what are the types of physiological mechanisms used when determining mode of PA?

aerobic, muscle strengthening, bone strengthening, balance, flexibility

what is aerobic PA?

activities that require large muscle groups and are performed long enough to maintain or enhance cardiorespiratory fitness and can be maintained using oxygen supported metabolic pathways

what are some examples of aerobic PA?

walking, jogging, running, dancing, rowing, kayaking, swimming, bicycling

what is muscle strengthening PA?

activities that target large muscle groups and improve muscular strength, endurance, and power

what are the 3 components of muscle strengthening PA?

strength, endurance, and power

what is strength?

how much resistance can be overcome

what is power?

how quickly resistance can be overcome

what is endurance?

number of times or duration or overcoming resistance

what are some examples of muscle strengthening PA?

carrying groceries, climbing stairs, digging holes in the garden, lifting weights, pilates, yoga

what is bone strengthening PA?

movements that create impact and muscle loading forces on bone

what group(s) are bone strengthening activities good for?

older adults and women

what happens to bone during bone strengthening actvities?

activities stress the bone and the bone adapts by modifying its shape or mass, aka the mineral content

what are some examples of bone strengthening activities?

jumping, hopping, skipping, running, dancing, hiking

what is balance training PA?

activities that challenge postural control

what group should do balance training PA?

older adults

what are some examples of balance training PA?

standing on one foot, wobble board, walking heel to toe, paddle boarding, skiing, skateboarding, and ice skating

what is flexibility training PA?

movements that improve the range of movement around specific joints

what are some examples of flexibility training PA?

yoga, pilates, tai chi, static stretching

t or f: more than one physiological system can be working at one particular time

true

how does running use multiple physiological systems?

its primarily aerobic but can also be considered muscle strengthening and bone strengthening

what physiological systems do pilates and yoga use?

muscle strengthening, flexibility, balance, and aerobic

t or f: activities cannot be done across various contexts

false

what contexts of PA does running use?

exercise and lesiure

what contexts of PA does walking use?

exercise, leisure, transportation, domestic, occupational

what contexts of PA does cycling use?

exercise, leisure, transportation

t or f: modes of PA can overlap and can be done at different intensity levels

true

what is intensity?

the rate of energy expenditure

what produces a greater rate of energy expenditure?

more intense activities (more energy to sustain activity)

what is resting energy expenditure (REE)?

the total number of calories your body burns in 24 hours while at complete rest

what is physical activity related energy expenditure (PAEE)?

amount of calories an individual burns through voluntary exercise and daily movement

what is the amount of kilocalories and oxygen consumed at rest?

1 kcal per kg per hour, 3.5 ml of oxygen per kg per minute, or 250 ml of oxygen per minute

what are metabolic equivalents (METS)?

how much energy is required to complete an activity compared to rest

what is the rate of oxygen consumption at 1 MET?

3.5 ml of oxygen per kg per minute

what is the rate of oxygen consumption at 3 METs? (3 mph walk)

10.5 ml of oxygen per kg per minute

what is the rate of oxygen consumption at 6 METs? (4-4.5 mph jog)

21 ml of oxygen per kg per minute

what is the rate of oxygen consumption at 10 METs? (6 mph run)

35 ml of oxygen per kg per minute

what are the METs for sedentary intensity?

1.3 METS

what are the METs for mild/light intensity?

1.6-2.9 METS

what are the METs for moderate intensity?

3.0-5.9 METS

what are the METs for vigorous intensity?

greater than 5.9 METS

what is absolute intensity?

the intensity of an activity is based on a standard energy output for the activity (METS)

what is relative intensity?

the intensity of the activity is relative to the individual's fitness (VO2 max)

what is frequency?

how often an activity is completed (a single bout of activity)

what are some examples of frequency?

number of times per day, number of times per week, or number of reps/sets

what is duration?

length of time of PA

what are some examples of duration?

duration of each bout of activity, total time in a day, total time in a week

what is volume?

time (minutes) spent in each intensity classification over a period of time (day, week)

what are the total volume recommendations for exercise?

at least 150 mins of moderate and vigorous aerobic PA per week, spread throughout the week + 2 days of muscle strengthening targeting all major muscle groups

what modes are specified in the total volume recommendations? (at least 150 mins of moderate and vigorous aerobic PA per week, spread throughout the week + 2 days of muscle strengthening targeting all major muscle groups)

muscle strengthening and aerobic PA

what intensities are specified in the total volume recommendations? (at least 150 mins of moderate and vigorous aerobic PA per week, spread throughout the week + 2 days of muscle strengthening targeting all major muscle groups)

moderate and vigorous

what frequencies are specified in the total volume recommendations? (at least 150 mins of moderate and vigorous aerobic PA per week, spread throughout the week + 2 days of muscle strengthening targeting all major muscle groups)

2 days of muscle strengthening and aerobic PA spread throughout the week

what duration is specified in the total volume recommendations? (at least 150 mins of moderate and vigorous aerobic PA per week, spread throughout the week + 2 days of muscle strengthening targeting all major muscle groups)

150 minutes per week

what are some examples of aerobic activities for preschoolers?

tag, follow the leader, skipping, dancing

what are some examples of aerobic activities for children?

running, biking, swimming, jump rope

what are some examples of aerobic activities for adolescents?

sports, outdoor recreation, martial arts, yard work

what are some muscle strengthening activities for preschoolers?

tug of war, climbing on playground, gynastics

what are some muscle strengthening activities for children?

resistance exercises with bands, some form of yoga, bear crawl, crab walk

what are some muscle strengthening activities for adolescents?

introduce weightlifting but should be at a moderate intensity based on skill and age, resistance exercises using body weight or bands

what are some examples of bone strengthening activities for preschoolers?

walking, dancing, cycling, jump rope

what are some examples of bone strengthening activities for children?

sports with jumping, starting and stopping, hopping, skipping

what are some examples of bone strengthening activities for adolescents?

same as children but with weight bearing exercises

what are some examples of aerobic physical activities for older adults?

walking, golf, pickleball, yard work, tennis

what are some examples of muscle strengthening activities for older adults?

handheld weights, digging, lifting, carrying groceries

what are some examples of balance and multi-component physical activties?

balance training, walking heel to toe, sit to stand, wobble board

what are some indicators of activity?

self-report, heart rate, body acceleration, oxygen consumption, and steps

what are the 2 categories of PA measurement?

objective/direct and subjective/self-report

what are objective PA measures?

quantify PA by detecting biological signals like motion, heart rate, oxygen exchange rates, and steps

what are some examples of objective PA measures?

indirect calorimetry, accelerometers, heart rate monitors, pedometers, and direct observation

what is indirect calorimetry?

it analyzes oxygen and carbon dioxide using metabolic cart in a controlled lab to estimate energy expenditure and it is the gold standard for measuring EE

what are the limitations of indirect calorimetry?

can only be used in a lab, measures PA in short durations (not free living), expensive, tech needed, and has limited context

what do accelerometers measure?

measures body acceleration up to 3 axes (up, down, side to side) and measures PA across multiple domains of activity; worn on wrist, waist, thigh or ankle

how do accelerometers work?

it records the frequency and duration of body accelerations which are converted to MET minutes, kilocalories expended, or time spent in sedentary, mild, moderate, and vigorous PA

what are some limitations of accelerometers?

they require to be worn appropriately for valid wear time, can only be used for short periods of time (one week), they are not as good for upper body movements or swimming, researchers and clinicians need to change and initialize the device and process data, and they are moderately priced but requires expensive software

what is a heart rate monitor?

it is worn on the chest, arm, or wrist and it can measure HR as exercise intensity increases (HR can be affected by many factors and not just by PA)

what are pedometers?

they are worn on the hip, they track steps within a particular time frame, and they track PA across many different domains (not as expensive/complex as acclerometers)

what are some limitations of pedometers?

you have to convert to steps per minute to determine intensity or activity which is rarely possible, cant differentiate what mode of activity is being used, some activities like weightlifting are not actually measured, and there can be errors in picking up steps like clapping

what is direct observation?

recording the mode, intensity, frequency, duration, and volume of PAs occurring in natural settings (like PE or outdoor play) and can also record environmental and contextual info in large OR small groups of people (primarily children)

what are some limitations of direct observation?

costly (recording, training), requires inter-rater and intra-rater reliability, and has potential for rater and participant biases

what are some examples of direct observation?

SOFIT, SOPLAY, BEACHES

what are rosenthal effects?

researcher bias in which the experimenters of testers expect that certain participants or groups will perform better than others (or halo effects)

what are hawthorne effects?

participant biases in which participants performance can change when attention is paid to them

what are the 3 types of surveys?

global questionnaires, short recall questionnaires, and quantitative history

what are global questionnaires?

they are about 2 to 4 questions in which they use criterion referenced scores/evaluation (active vs. inactive) and can be used in clinical/surveillance settings

what are some limitations of global questionnares?

they are not as useful for quantifying total volume of activity within different intensity categories