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secession
Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation
compulsory
required by law or a rule; obligatory
reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
Ulysses S. Grant
an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
Robert E. Lee
Commander of the Confederate Army during the Civil War
Thaddeus Stevens
A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.
Charles Sumner
A leader of the Radical republicans. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freed men could vote
Harriet Tubman
United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North
Clara Barton
Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross
repudiate
to disown, reject, or deny the validity of
intransigence
stubbornness; refusal to compromise; refusal to change one's views or to agree about something.
Hiram Revels
Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded; the first African American to serve in the U.S. congress
scalawag
A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners
carpetbagger
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
recalcitrance
disobedience, or resistance to authority
malfeasance
misconduct or wrongdoing, especially by a public official
Thirteenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude
Fourteenth Amendment
A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.
Fifteenth Amendment
constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Act passed by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. It was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law
Civil Rights Act of 1875
A law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation. This bill guaranteed all citizens, regardless of color, access to accommodations, theatres, public schools, churches, and cemeteries.
black codes
Series of laws passed by southern states during Reconstruction, modeled after the slave codes in effect before secession. African Americans were granted some rights not enjoyed by slaves, but their primary purpose was to keep African Americans as propertyless agricultural sharecroppers
Slaughterhouse cases
A series of post Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.
Enforcement Act of 1871
The federal government passed this act which made it a felony for 2 or more people to conspire to deprive anyone of their civil rights and privileges, also meant to stop the KKK.
peril
serious and immediate danger
Freedmen's Bureau
The first welfare agency of the federal government that was created by Congress in 1865 to aid the newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and other public services
Stephen Douglas
A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.
partition
the act of dividing something into parts or sections; (v.) to divide or subdivide into parts or shares
John Brown
Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia
subjugate
to conquer by force, bring under complete control
thwart
to oppose successfully; to prevent, frustrate
segregate
To separate or keep apart from others
Jim Crow
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government
Military Reconstruction Act
A congressional act which displaced white governments in the south and replaced them with five military districts commanded by union generals. A section of radical Republicans' agenda for reconstruction.
predicament
a difficult, embarrassing, or unpleasant situation
