Pathophysiology Quiz 2

pathology

the study of the nature and causes of diseases (starting with how DNA carries genetic info, which gives certain traits)

alleles

different versions of a gene

dominant gene

what we see masks any other allele

recessive gene

weaker; needs both alleles to be recessive to be seen

central dogma

DNA → RNA → proteins (phenotype)

mitosis

• creates 2 genetically identical daughter cells from a single cell

• can repair and replace lost or damaged tissue

• embryonic development

meiosis

creates gametes for sexual reproduction

gametogenesis

the process by which sperm and eggs are produced

• broken down into spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Autosomal dominant inheritance

a single copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to cause the disorder

recessive inheritance

a genetic pattern where the phenotype associated with a recessive allele is obscured by the presence of a dominant allele from the other parent

Codominant inheritance

a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed to display both traits

sex-linked inheritance

a biological process which involves the transmission of traits or characters from parents to the offspring through sex chromosomes

innate immunity

• quick response to infection or injury and contains a predetermined array of signals

• response time ranges from minutes to hours

• ALWAYS has the same response to infection or injury

• no memory of prior insults to tailor a response

adaptive immunity

• a slower response but can create memory of prior insults to tailor the immune response to a specific pathogen or insult

acute inflammation

• immediate (can be physical, chemical, pathogenic insults)

• vascular and cellular components

• cells involved: neutrophils, platelets, and mast cells (tissue-resident cells)

• can last 24-48 hours

chronic inflammation

• cellular reaction

• cells involved: monocytes and chemical mediators

• can last for weeks

five cardinal signs of acute inflammation

heat, redness, swelling, tenderness, pain

involved cells in chronic inflammation

• tissue residing cells: macrophage, mast cell, eosinophil

• circulating cells: monocyte, basophil, B-cell/T-cell (adaptive)

exudate

fluid mixture of protein, leukocytes, and tissue debris

types of exudate

serous, purulent, fibrinous, adhesions, hemorrhagic

serous exudate

primary fluid, little protein

purulent exudate

largely inflammatory cells (pus)

fibrinous exudate

rich in fibrinogen; coagulates and forms fibrin and produces a sticky film on surface of inflamed tissue

adhesions

bends of fibrous tissue that bind adjacent tissue together

hemorrhagic

increased blood cells

mediators of inflammation

cell-derived mediators

• mast cells

• histamine

• serotonin

• prostaglandins

• leukotrienes

mediators from blood plasma

• bradykinin

• complement

  • activated by antigen—antibody reaction

  • series of proteins that interact in a regular sequence

cellulitis

acute spreading of infection at any site

abscess

infection associated with breakdown of tissues and leads to formation of pus

septicema

overwhelming infection where pathogenic bacteria gain access to the bloodstream

lowest to highest severity of infection

cellulitis, abscess, then septicema

inflammation vs infection

inflammation: a normal body mechanism involving various immune cells

infection: inflammatory process caused by disease-producing organisms

mast cells

specialized connective tissue cells with granules filled with histamine, a vasodilator