Final Exam Review - Global 9H

Review notes from class to study for the global 9H final exam.

Characteristics of a civilization

Advanced cities, government, social classes & specialization, religion, writing and record keeping, art and architecture; technology

River valley civilizations

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China

Mesopotamia

“Between the Rivers” - Tigris and Euphrates, fertile crescent, sumerians the dominant people

The Sumerian City-States

Urak & Ur

Sumerian City-States had…

Ziggurat home of worship to the gods, Irrigation systems, defense from nomadic marauders; military, absolute monarchies

Mesopotamian Empires

Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian

Akkadians

Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia

Sargon of Akkad (2370 - 2315 BCE)

Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created first ever empire based in Akkad.

Hammurabi of Babylon (1792 - 1750 BCE)

Improved taxation, legislation. Used local governors to maintain control of city-states, centralized bureaucracy.

The Babylonian empire fell because…

It was destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia

What Hittites invented

The chariot

Code of Hammurabi

Established high standards of behavior and stern punishment for violators, lex talionis, social status and punishment.

When is there an invitation to foreign invaders?

When there is a weakening of central rule

New iron weaponry used by…

Assyrians

Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8th to 7th centuries the Assyrians controlled…

Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt

Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r. 605 - 562)

Takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) empire.

They created the first writing system

Sumerians, in 2900 BCE

Sumerians developed this type of writing

Cuneiform

Cuneiform

“wedge-shaped” - reed on clay then baked. Preservation of documents on clay, declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabet writing script

The Phoenicians were the…

First maritime trade empire, had an extensive maritime trade and communications network, dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200 - 800 BCE

Egypt political organization

Permanent settlements, well-defined social classes; patriarchy, Irrigation projects, trade & diplomatic networks

Egypt writing

Hieroglyphs, Hieratic script

Where Bantu Migrations were

Throughout sub-saharan regions, south and west into forest lands

Bantu Migrations (3000-1000 BCE)

Banana from Malaysia, early evidence of monotheism, brought iron and agriculture

Indus Valley Harappan Civilization

Major society built by Dravidian (Indus) peoples, 3000-1500 BCE

Indus Valley Harappan Civilization location

Indian subcontinent

Major cities of Indus Valley Harappan Civilization

Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa

Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa main ideas

Urban infrastructure - suggests public purpose & centralized authority. Residential district, grid layout, architecture, fortified citadels and temples, broad streets, pools, sewage, granary

Birthplace of Hinduism

Indus River Valley

Hinduism

Aryan beliefs blended with Dravidians’ religious practices

Important practices of Hinduism

Dharma, Karma, Brahman, Atman, Moksha, Meditation/yoga

Varna: The Caste System

Response to growing social complexity and Aryan domination, strict social class hierarchy

China River

Huang He (Yellow River), flows into Yellow Sea, “China’s sorrow”

The Earliest Chinese Dynasties (2200 - 256 BCE)

Xia, Shang, Zhou

Social Order

Ruling classes, great advantage: hereditary rule, tax revenues, monopoly on bronze weaponry

Oracle Bones

Chinese script for communicating with spirit world, determining future, question written on animal bones, turtle shells, heated over fire; cracks examined for omens 

Classical Era

Persia, Greece, China, India, Rome

The empire’s fall that ends the classical era

Rome, leads to Byzantine Empire

Persia major dyansties

Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians, Sassanids

Achaemenid Administration

Central government, 23 satraps (governors) run satrapies (provinces/territories), system of spies - surprise audits, minimized possibilities of local rebellion

Persian technologies

Standardized currency for taxation purposes, qanat (system of underground canals), massive and extensive road building

Royal Road belonged to…

Persia, 1600 miles, partially paved, postal courier service

Persian Wars (500-479 BCE)

Rebellious Greeks in Ionia - spark of 150 years of war with Greeks

The fall of the Achaemenid empire

Alexander the Great conquers empire (334-331 BCE), becomes part of Greek empire

The Polis

A Greek city-state, highly independent, tyrannies (not necessarily oppressive), early democracies

Sparta

A highly militarized city-state

Athens

A city-state focused on public works and cultural development

The Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BCE)

A war between Athens and Sparta due to internal tensions

Outcome of The Peloponnesian War

Athens forced to surrender, conflict weakens all city-states

Empire that comes in after the end of the Athenian Greek Empire

Alexander’s empire (Macedonia)

The result of Alexander’s death

A competition for his empire

Hellenistic culture

A blend of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures

Science and Math of Classical Greece

Use of observable evidence, rational thought

Pythagoras developed…

A systematic approach to mathematics, Pythagorean theorem

Hippocrates developed…

An understanding of human anatomy and physiology, “father of modern medicine”

Socrates (470 - 399 BCE)

Philosopher, socratic method

Plato (430 - 347 BCE)

Disciple of Socrates, theory of forms or ideas

Aristotle (389 - 322 BCE)

Student of Plato, influential for centuries, emphasis on empirical findings, reason

Qin dynasty belief system

Legalism, centralized bureaucracy

Legalism

Strict belief system formed to help China reunify

Fall of Qin dynasty (207 BCE) due to…

Civil disorder

Dynasty that came after Qin

Han (206 - 220 CE)

The Han Dynasty had…

Administrative provinces/districts, roads & canals to facilitate military, communication, and trade, imperial university to create educated bureaucracy

Han dynasty belief system

Confucianism, patriarchal social order

Confucianism

Belief system that values filial piety

Technological developments of Han dynasty

Expanded use of iron, cultivation of silkworms, development of paper, crossbow trigger, horse collar, ship rudder, wheelbarrow

Fall of Han dynasty

Economic & social issues, increasing gap between rich and poor due to increased taxes, peasants losing land, yellow turban uprising

Death of Alexander left a…

Political power vacuum

Who made a very important conversion to Buddhism

Ashoka

Who took advantage of the political power vacuum left by Alexander’s death?

Chandragupta Maurya

Maurya empire religion, government

Buddhism, centralized bureaucracy

Gupta empire religion, government

Hinduism, decentralized bureaucracy

Gupta advancements

Natural science & math, plastic surgery, symbol for zero, pi, length of solar year, literature, system of well-built roads w/rest areas, art - Ajanta cave murals, metalwork; gold coins

Ancient Rome location

Center of Mediterranean Sea, center of trade routes

Punic Wars impact on Ancient Rome

Lead empire to control northern Africa, Europe, and parts of southwestern Asia

Patricians

Aristocrats (rich people)

Plebeians

Commoners

In the Roman Republic, senate was made up of…

Patricians

Class conflict in Roman Republic reason

Hierarchical social class system, unequal land distribution

Julius Caesar

Attacked Rome, declared himself dictator for life; assassinated

Augustus Caesar

Increased power and land empire, stabilized empire (Roman empire)

Roman Achievements

Roads, twelve tables, large plantations - commercial agriculture, latifundia - powerful economic powerhourse, need for slaves, Coliseum

Twelve Tables

Basic Roman law code, innocent until proven guilty, right to court and case before judges

Roman Religion

Polytheism based on Greek gods, emperor worship, conversion to Christianity

Who made an influential conversion to Christianity for the Romans

Emperor Constantine

The Edict of Thessalonica did what

Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire

Daoisim

belief system based on nature, harmony with universe

Confucianism

Belief system based on filial piety; education; educated bureaucracy; civil service exam; proper behavior

Buddhism

Belief system based on enlightenment; meditation; equality Eightfold Path & Four Noble Truths; salvation

Hinduism

belief system based on caste system; kharma; reincarnation; Brahman, moksha

Christianity

Belief system based on salvation monotheistic; Ten Commandments; life after death for all

Events in Post Classical

• Fall of Rome/Medieval Europe

• Byzantine Empire

• Islam

• African Kingdoms

• Chinese Dynasties - Tang and Song

• Mongols

• Rise of Europe/Crusades

• Americas 

Post Classical Chinese Dynasties

Tang & Song

Fall of Rome/Medieval Europe (476 CE)

Roman empire splits in 2 halves

The 2 halves of the Roman Empire after its fall

Medieval Europe & Byzantine Empire

Medieval Europe

western half - inherits Christianity (remaining authority)

Byzantine Empire

eastern half - keepers of Roman And Greek culture; also Christian (under emperor)

Constantinople capital of what empire

the Byzantine Empire

Justinian’s code

Set of laws to bring purpose back to the Byzantine Empire

No imperial authority and invasions that led to manorialism, feudalism describes where

Medieval Western Europe