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Enzyme
A biological catalyst that increases the rate of reactions without being changed at the end.
Activation Energy
The energy required to convert reactants to products, which enzymes lower.
Globular Proteins
Most enzymes are this type of protein, which is water-soluble.
Specificity
Most enzymes are specific to certain substrates, like trypsin for peptide bonds.
Active Site
The specific portion of an enzyme where a substrate binds during a reaction.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The intermediate formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.
Lock and Key Model
A model where the enzyme's active site is rigid and only fits specific substrates.
Induced Fit Model
A model where the enzyme's active site is flexible and adjusts to fit the substrate.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration.
Optimum Temperature
The temperature at which an enzyme is most active, typically around 37°C.
Optimum pH
The pH level at which an enzyme functions best, which is 7.4 in the body.
Competitive Inhibitor
An inhibitor that resembles the substrate and competes for the active site.
Noncompetitive Inhibitor
An inhibitor that binds to an enzyme and changes its shape, preventing substrate binding.
Enzyme Cofactors
Metal ions that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions, obtained from food.
Vitamins
Organic molecules required from the diet that can act as coenzymes.
Zymogens
Inactive enzymes that become active after a chemical change.
Enzyme Activity Monitoring
The process of detecting enzyme levels in body fluids to assess cell damage.
Penicillin
An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall formation by targeting specific enzymes.
ACE Inhibitors
Drugs that prevent the synthesis of angiotensin-converting enzyme to lower blood pressure.
HIV Protease Inhibitors
Medications that interfere with the enzyme necessary for HIV replication.
Note 
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