mizzou anatomy exam 3

functions of the nervous system

1. collect information

2. proccess and evaluate info

3. respond to info

somatic sensory

receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses

visceral sensory

sensation from organs, only stretch and tempature

somatic motor

"voluntary" nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle

autonomic motor

"involuntary" nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

neurons

Cells that transmit electrical message from one area of the body to another area.

neuron =

nerve cell

dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

soma

cell body of a neuron

myelin

insulates axon, helps speed up signal through axon

pathway a nerve travels through neuron

dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal

synapase

where one neuron meets another

chemical synapse

use neurotransmitters

electrical synapse

rely on flow of ions at gap junctions

ependymal cells

produce cerebrospinal fluid

microglia cell

defense cells

oligodendrocytes cell

myelinated axons

astrocytes cell

blood brain barrier

most common

a myelinated axon

schwann cell

group of axons

nerve fasicles

group of nerve fasicles

nerve

nerve fascicles

Endoeurium

inside the fasicle that covers each axon

deepest layer of nerve

perineurium

surrounds each fascicle

middle layer of nerve

epineurium

surrounds the entire nerve

most superfical layer

multiple sclerosis

a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath

functions of the brain

Controls heart rate, respiration and blood pressure and maintains homeostasis.

Innervation of head, neck and viscera.

High level tasks - intelligence, consciousness, memory, emotion, behavior

4 main parts of the brain

cerebellum

cerebrum

diencephalon

brainstem

gray mater

located in horn of spinal cord

unmyelinated

all over outside of brain

white mater

myelinated

outside of SC

inside of brain

diencephalon

contains hypothalmus and thalamus

know as inbetween brain

contains 3rd ventricle

make up the diencephalon

lateral walls - thalmus

floor- hypothalamus

roof- eplthalamus

thalmus

gateway to cerebral cortex

largest part of diencephalon

filters somatosenosory, visual and auditory info (not smell)

any part of brain that communicates with cerebral cortex must go through...

thalamus

functions of hypothalamus

Master control of the autonomic nervous system

Master control of the endocrine system

Regulation of body temperature

Control of emotional behavior

Control of food intake

Control of water intake

Regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms

epithalamus

contains the pineal gland

cerebrum

divied into left and right hemisphere

contains lobes of brain

gyri

ridges

sulci

shallow grooves

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

parietal-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

lateral sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

primary somatosensory area

postcentral gyrus

makes you aware that you are "sitting in a chair"

primary visual cortex

occipital lobe

primary auditory cortex

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

primary motor cortex

precentral gyrus

controls skeletal muscle movement

brocas area

speech production

front lobe

wernickes area

speech comprehension

temporal lobe

corpus callosum

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them. (white mater)

brainstem

consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

functions of brainstem

1. connects cerebrum to spinal cord

2. start of cranial nerves for intervating the face

3. autonomic relfex center needed for survival

brainstem

cerebellum

second largest part of brain

coordinates body movements and balance

connected to brainstem

two hemispheres of cerebellum

connected by vermis

hippocampus

longterm memory

protect the brain

meninges, ventricles and CSF

meninges

membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

CSF

cushions brain and circulate through ventricles

BBB

protects brain from exposure to toxins

pia mater

Innermost layer of the meninges

covers the brain

arachnoid mater

middle layer of the meninges

appears like a spider web

subarachnoid space

a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

from outermost to inward meninge layers

dura

arachnoid

subarachoid

pia

dural venous sinuses

drain blood from brain and drain into the internal jugular veins

superior sagittal sinus

Striaght sinus

transverse sinus

sigmoid sinus

function of ventricles

making and circulating CSF

lateral ventricles

A set of paired ventricles lying within the cerebral hemispheres.

where is CSF made

choroid plexus

4 types of nerve plexus

cervical

brachial

lumbar

sacral

list cranial nerves in order

olfactory

optic

oculomotor

trochlear

trigeminal

abducens

facial

vestibulocochlear

glossopharyngeal

vagus

spinal accessory

hypoglassal

sensory or motor

s

s

m

m

b

m

b

s

b

b

m

m

optic chiasma

the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain

eyeball problems

strabismus

ptosis

diplopia

strabismus

eyes are not parallel

cross eyed

ptosis

drooping eye

Diplopia

double vision

functions of cranial nerves

-smell

-vision

-eye movement

-superior oblique (EM)

- v1- eye, v2 cheek v3 jaw

2/3 of tongue not taste

- lateral rectus (EM)

- taste 2/3 front and facial expressions

- hearing and balance

- 1/3 taste and swallowing

- organ sensation and swallowing, speech ??

- moves head and neck

- tongue muscle movement

origin of cranial nerves

nasal cavity

retina

midbrain

midbrain

sensory receptors

pons

pons

inner ear

medulla

medulla

rootless of cervical plexus

medulla

`damage to CN 12

deviated tongue, tongue steers toward affected side

damage to CN 7

Bell's Palsy, half of face droops and has weakness

diagram of tongue

know where CN are

visceral motor cranial nerves

CN3- controls pupil size

CN 7 -lacrimal and salivary glands (produce tears and saliva)

CN 9- salivary glands (parotid)

CN 10 -movement of organs

function of external ear

receives sound waves

auricle or pinna and external auditory meatus

middle ear

contains malleus, incus and stapes or ( hammer, anvil and stirrup)

malleus

hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

incus

anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

stapes

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear, connected to oval window

what prevents the ear from vibrating too much

tensor tymaoni (attaches to malleus) and stapedius (attaches to stapes)

Pharynogotympanic tube

equalizes pressure

ear popping on planes

causes otitis media

otits media

inflammation of the middle ear, middle ear infection

fluid buildup in ear

more common in kids because of horizontal membrane

inner ear (labyrinth)

contains bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

bony labyrinth

passageways in temporal bone, cavity with semicircular canals and vestibule and cochlea

membranous labyrinth

walls and sacs within the bony labyrinth

inner ear is divided into 3 parts

cochlea

vestibule

semicircular canals

cochlea

hearing

vestibule

equilibrium starting and stopping

enterance to middle ear