C3.1 Integration of Body Systems Notes

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the integration of body systems, focusing on the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems, the hierarchy of biological organization, and processes like feedback control and reflex actions.

System Integration

A necessary process in living systems where cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are organized and coordinated to perform overall functions.

Hierarchy of Sub-Systems

The organization of cells, tissues, organs, and systems in a multicellular organism, indicating the structure from smallest to largest.

Emergent Properties

Properties that arise from the interaction of component parts; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Nervous System

The network of nerves that sends electrical messages around the body.

Endocrine System

A network of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with target tissues and organs.

Sensory Neurons

Neurons that convey messages from sense receptors to the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres.

Motor Neurons

Neurons that convey messages from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles, stimulating them to contract.

Cerebellum

A part of the brain responsible for balance, muscle coordination, and refining movement.

Hypothalamus

A brain region that controls the endocrine system and regulates functions like thermoregulation.

Feedback Control

Mechanisms by which the body regulates physiological functions, such as heart rate and ventilation, based on input from sensory receptors.

Epinephrine

A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that prepares the body for vigorous activity.

Circadian Rhythms

Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle, influenced by light and darkness.

Peristalsis

The involuntary relaxation and contraction of muscles that move contents along the digestive system.

Reflex Arc

The neural pathway that mediates a reflex action without the involvement of the conscious brain.

Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system responsible for bodily functions not under conscious control, such as breathing and digestion.