[Theory + Practice] CA + CDA

Discourse

- examples of the language in use (language which has been produced as a result of an act of communication)

- refers to units of language larger than a sentence such as paragraph, conversation and interview.

--> Discourse is language above the sentence or above the clause

Discourse Analysis (DA)

an approach to the analysis of language that examines

+ patterns of language across the texts

+ the relationship between language and the social and cultural contexts in which it is used

DA emphasizes the language phenomena at and above the sentence level as they are influenced by ______ and _______

co-text (linguistic context)

sociological phenomena

Pragmatics emphasizes the impact of ____, _____ and _______ factor on meaning

users

context

sociological

Key concepts in DA?

- coherence (sự mạch lạc)

- cohesion (sự liên kết)

Cohesion (Tính liên kết) is concerned with _____ (syntax and lexis) to interact with ____ and _____ to create textual unity

formal SURFACE structures

underlying semantic relations

underlying functional coherence

Coherence (Tính mạch lạc) is concerned with the ______ of the _____ and ______ of the textual world which underlie and realised by the surface text.

sequencing of the configuration (cấu tạo)

concepts

relation

How is coherence created? (5 FACTORS)

- Cohesion

- The way discourse is structured

- Relevance

- Context

- Use of resources

Use of resources determined by what? (5 FACTORS)

- Speaker's purposes

- Cultural and discourse strategies

- Social context

- Characteristics of conventionalised types of discourse

- Cultural framework and values

How many cohesive devices are there

5

- Reference

- Ellipsis

- Substitution

- Conjunctive cohesion

- Lexical cohesion

Reference

Reader and listener can only make complete sense of the word or structure they are looking at if they look elsewhere in the text to get a fuller picture

Types of reference?

- Exophoric Reference

- Endophoric Reference

+ Anaphoric reference

+ Cataphoric reference

Exophoric Reference

where a reference item moves us outside a text so that we can only make full sense of the text by referring to its context

Anaphoric reference

If a reference is referring back to sth

Ex: Some people think that they can become rich without working hard. That's a big mistake.

Cataphoric Reference

if it is referring to sth coming later

Ex: They pressed around him to take their money. Andy, Dave, Bob, Phil and Stephen.

Ellipsis (Tỉnh lược)

The omission of elements normally required by the grammar which speaker/writer assumes are obvious from the context and therefore need not be raised. So the structure has a "missing" element which is supplied by the context.

Ex: How much does it cost you?

60 dollars

Substitution (Phép thế)

the device to show the relationship between sentences and at the same time avoids repetition

Ex: I don't like this vase. Give me the black one

Ex 2: I want to go home

Me too

Conjunction

A word that joins two phrases or sentences (sentence connectors

Ex: FANBOY, Although, However ...

--> demonstrate the logical relationships holding between sentences, thus creating or expressing cohesion.

Lexical cohesion including what?

- Synonymy

- Antonymy

- Reiteration

- Association

Reiteration

the repetition of a lexical item

-> những từ bị lặp lại ở trong 1 đoạn

Association

refers to instances of lexical cohesion which exist between two or more words of one and the same semantic field

Ex: education: online learning, students, teachers ....

Discourse is defined as language above the sentence or above the .........................

clause,

While Conversation Analysis is restricted to spoken language, Discourse Analysis studies both spoken and ........................ discourse.

written,

Discourse analysis examines patterns of language across texts and considers the relationship between language and its ........................ and ........................ contexts.

social; cultural

Unlike Pragmatics, which focuses on the impact of users on meaning, Discourse Analysis emphasizes language phenomena as they are influenced by ........................ and sociological phenomena.

co-text

........................ is concerned with formal surface structures, such as syntax and lexis, used to create textual unity.

Cohesion

........................ involves the sequencing of the configuration of concepts and relations of the textual world that underlie the surface text.

Coherence

A(n) ........................ reference moves the reader outside a text so that they can only make sense of it by referring to the situational context.

exophoric

If a reference refers back to an already introduced entity, it is called ........................, whereas if it refers to something coming later, it is called .........................

anaphoric (or anaphora); cataphoric (or cataphora),,

........................ is the omission of grammatical elements that the speaker assumes are obvious from the context.

Ellipsis

........................ is a cohesive device where a deleted element is replaced by another item to avoid repetition.

Substitution

Powerful sentence connectors that demonstrate logical relationships between sentences are known as .........................

conjunctions

........................ is a form of lexical cohesion involving the repetition of a lexical item so it is recognized as being mentioned again.

Reiteration

Lexical cohesion can result from the use of ........................ to avoid repetition, or the use of ........................ to create a contrast between two subjects.

synonyms (or synonymy); antonyms (or antonymy),

........................ refers to lexical cohesion between two or more words within the same semantic field.

Association

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) regards discourse as ........................, meaning it is a communicative process produced and interpreted in a social setting.

social practice

CDA specifically focuses on the relationship between language and ........................ and the ........................ underlying discourse.

power; ideologies

According to CDA principles, discourse is both socially ........................ (reflecting reality) and ........................ (shaping social structures).

constituted; constitutive

........................ is defined by Simpson as a combination of cultural assumptions, political beliefs, and institutional practices.

Ideology

Fairclough’s framework for CDA involves three stages: description, ........................, and .........................

interpretation; explanation

In the ........................ stage of Fairclough's framework, the researcher asks whether the discourse challenges or sustains existing power relations.

explanation

Discourse is generally defined as "language in use" or language that is above the ........................ or above the clause.

sentence

Unlike Conversation Analysis, which only applies to spoken language, ........................ studies both spoken and written discourse.

Discourse Analysis

When a reader can only make sense of a word by looking elsewhere in the text to get a fuller picture, they are using the principle of .........................

reference

Discourse Analysis tends to adopt a deductive methodology, reasoning from the general to the specific.

True

Pragmatics is considered closer to the field of linguistics than Discourse Analysis is.

False (The sources state DA is closer to linguistics, while Pragmatics is closer to sociolinguistics and sociology).

Coherence is concerned with the sequencing of concepts and relations of the textual world that underlie the surface text.

True

Anaphoric reference refers to information that is coming later in the text.

False (Anaphoric reference refers back to preceding text; cataphoric reference refers to following text).

Ellipsis involves the omission of grammatical elements that are assumed to be obvious from the context.

True

Lexical cohesion can be achieved through "association," which links words from the same semantic field, like "military" and "armed forces."

True

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a neutral form of research that avoids taking a political stance.

False (CDA is research with a stance and is explicitly committed to social change and equality).

In Fairclough's framework, the "description" stage focuses on the relationship between discourse processes and social processes.

False (The description stage examines linguistic features; the explanation stage examines the relationship with social processes).

Discourse Analysis emphasizes language phenomena as they are influenced by co-text and sociological factors.

True

Ideology is an important aspect of establishing and maintaining unequal power relations.

True