2 - Laboratory Tests - Urinalysis

Proverbs 16:3

● Sterile

● Pale yellow

● 4.5 - 8 (pH: generally ACIDIC)

● 1.002 - 1.030 (sp.gr.)

[URINALYSIS]

Normal urine should be ___ [4]

b. Pale yellow

[URINALYSIS]

Color of normal urine.

a. Dark yellow
b. Pale yellow
c. Colorless
d. Amber

a. pH 4.5 - 8 (acidic)

[URINALYSIS]

pH of normal urine.

a. pH 4.5 - 8 (acidic)
b. pH 7.0 - 8.0 (neutral to alkaline)
c. pH 2.0 - 4.0 (strongly acidic)
d. pH 8.0 - 9.0 (alkaline)

b. 1.002 - 1.030

[URINALYSIS]

Specific gravity of normal urine.

a. 1.000 - 1.002
b. 1.002 - 1.030
c. 1.030 - 1.050
d. 1.050 - 1.080

c. Specific gravity

Used to differentiate DM (↑ sp. gr.) vs DI (↓ sp. gr.) which both cause polyuria (↑ urination).

a. Urine color
b. Urine pH
c. Specific gravity
d. Proteinuria

a. Polyuria (↑ urination)

Specific gravity is used to differentiate DM (↑ sp. gr.) vs DI (↓ sp. gr.), which both cause:

a. Polyuria (↑ urination)
b. Oliguria (↓ urination)
c. Anuria (no urination)
d. Dysuria (painful urination)

• Diabetes mellitus (DM)

• Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

_______ both cause polyuria (increased urination).

a. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
b. Urinary tract infection and renal stones
c. Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome
d. Preeclampsia and eclampsia

● Diabetes mellitus (DM)

● Necrosis

[URINALYSIS]

Conditions that increase the specific gravity of urine:

a. Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Conditions that increase the specific gravity of urine:

a. Diabetes mellitus (DM)

b. Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

b. Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

[URINALYSIS]

Conditions that decrease the specific gravity of urine:

a. Diabetes mellitus (DM)

b. Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Sign of:

• Renal disease

• Preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnancy

[URINALYSIS]

Protein in urine indicates:

a. Sign of renal disease, preeclampsia, and eclampsia in pregnancy
b. Sign of diabetes mellitus
c. Sign of urinary tract infection
d. Sign of bleeding disorder

a. True

[URINALYSIS]
Gestational HTN does not manifest proteinuria

a. True

b. False

c. Hyperglycemia / DM

Glucose in urine indicates:

a. Infection
b. Renal disease
c. Hyperglycemia / DM
d. Bleeding disorder

• Bleeding disorder

• Renal stones

[URINALYSIS]

RBCs in urine indicate:

a. Infection
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Bleeding disorder or renal stones
d. Renal disease only

a. Infection

WBCs in urine indicate:

a. Infection
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Bleeding disorder or renal stones
d. Renal disease only

c. Glomerular filtration

_______ creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood.

a. Tubular reabsorption
b. Tubular secretion
c. Glomerular filtration
d. Urine concentration

• Small, polar molecules → excreted

• Large, non-polar molecules → reabsorbed

Main Function of the Kidney: [Pakintindi nalang pu]

NEGATIVE

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

● Protein

● Glucose

● Blood

● Ketone

● Bile

● Nitrites

📌Mnemonic: “PGB” “KBN”

a. Trace to 1 mg/dL

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Urobilinogen
a. Trace to 1 mg/dL
b. 2 to 5 mg/dL
c. 5 to 10 mg/dL
d. 10 to 20 mg/dL

● Male → 0-2/hpf

● Female → 0-5/hpf

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

● Male → 0-3/hpf

● Female → 0-4/hpf

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

b. 0-1 hyaline casts/lpf

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Casts
a. 0-1 granular casts/lpf
b. 0-1 hyaline casts/lpf
c. 1-5 hyaline casts/lpf
d. 5-10 waxy casts/lpf

b. Varies

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Squamous epithelial cells

a. None
b. Varies
c. 0-2/hpf
d. 5-10/hpf

a. 0-2 cells

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Transitional epithelial cells
a. 0-2 cells
b. 0-5 cells
c. 5-10 cells
d. 10-20 cells

b. Occasional

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Bacteria

a. None
b. Occasional
c. Many
d. Numerous

● Renal disease

● Eclampsia

● Pre-eclampsia

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Protein [3]

● Hyperglycemia

● Renal glycosuria

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Glucose [2]

Presence of bleeding in the UT

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Blood [1]

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Ketone [1]

Liver dysfunction

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Bile [1]

● Liver disease

● Hemolytic anemia

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Urobilinogen [2]

● Nitrites

● White Blood Cells (WBCs)

● Squamous epithelial cells

● Bacteria

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Bacterial infection [4]

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Nitrites [1]

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

White Blood Cells (WBCs) [1]

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Squamous epithelial cells [1]

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Bacteria [1]

● Blockages

● Stone

● Internal injuries

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) [3]

Renal injuries

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Casts [1]

Disease process going on

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Transitional epithelial cells [1]

a. Rifampicin

[DRUGS THAT CHANGE URINE COLOR]

Turns urine orange

a. Rifampicin

b. Chloroquine

c. Riboflavin

d. Metronidazole

b. Chloroquine

[DRUGS THAT CHANGE URINE COLOR]

Turns urine brown.

a. Rifampicin

b. Chloroquine

c. Riboflavin

d. Metronidazole

c. Riboflavin

[DRUGS THAT CHANGE URINE COLOR]

Turns urine intense yellow

a. Rifampicin

b. Chloroquine

c. Riboflavin

d. Metronidazole

d. Metronidazole

[DRUGS THAT CHANGE URINE COLOR]

Turns urine gray

a. Rifampicin

b. Chloroquine

c. Riboflavin

d. Metronidazole