Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior

Phineas Gage

American railroad construction foreman who survived a severe brain injury in 1848 when an iron rod penetrated his skull, affecting his personality and behavior.

Biological Roots of Criminal Behavior

Theories suggesting that heredity, biology, and the social environment contribute to criminality.

Heredity

The passing of traits from parents to offspring, which may influence criminal behavior.

Criminal Anthropology

The scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality.

Atavism

A term coined by Lombroso referring to criminals as physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution.

Born Criminal

An individual believed to have an inherited genetic predisposition toward criminal behavior.

Masculinity Hypothesis

The earlier belief that female criminals exhibit masculine physical features and mannerisms.

Somatotyping

The classification of individuals into types based on body build and physical characteristics.

Eugenics

The study of genetic control aimed at improving heredity, often linked with the idea of 'bad genes' causing criminality.

Sociobiology

The application of evolutionary theory to social behavior, suggesting that most behaviors are influenced by natural selection.

Twin Studies (Monozygous vs. Dizygotic)

Research comparing identical twins (monozygotic) who share nearly identical genes to fraternal twins (dizygotic) who share about 50%.

XYY Syndrome

A genetic condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome, associated with increased physical stature and potential aggression.

Connection between Brain Injuries and Crime

Research indicates a significant link between traumatic brain injuries and increased rates of criminal behavior.

Stage 3 CTE

A degenerative brain condition found in athletes, associated with memory loss, aggression, and other behavioral issues.

Juke Family

A family studied by Richard Dugdale, historically linked to hereditary criminality.

Kallikak Family

A family studied by Henry Goddard, used to illustrate the influence of heredity on criminal behavior.

Victimology

The study of victims, their relationship to offenders, and the impact of criminal behavior on victims.

Behavioral Genetics

A field studying the influence of genetic and environmental factors on behaviors, including criminality.