GCSE AQA Geography Section C: Resource Management

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 4 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/94

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Geography

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

95 Terms

1
New cards
What is a resource?
A stock or supply of something of value/purpose
2
New cards
What is malnourishment?
A lack of one or more essential nutrients in the diet
3
New cards
What is undernourishment?
The result of a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires
4
New cards
why do people in different countries suffer from water shortages?
- variations in climate and rainfall
- capturing the water is expensive requiring lots of investment
5
New cards
key points on food
- unbalanced diets lead to malnourishment including undernourishment
- malnourishment limits children's development, increases illness
- WHO says we need 2000-2400 calories p/d to be healthy
- 1b+ people in world are malnourished
- 2b people are suffering undernutrition resulting in illness and economic impacts
6
New cards
key points on water
- vital for crops + food supply + power
- imbalance of water is due to rainfall + climate
- UN predicts that by 2025 there will be 50 countries facing water scarcity
- water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid kill many each year
7
New cards
key points on energy
- energy for industry, transport and domestics
- develops industry, jobs and wealth
- HICs consume more energy than LICs in Africa and the Middle East
- as NEEs become more industrialised, energy demand increases and energy patterns change
8
New cards
by 2037 the population of the UK is expected to rise to...
73 million from 64 million in 2015
9
New cards
Why does the UK import so much food?
- unsuitable climate
- demand for seasonal produce
- choice/exotic foods
- availability of cheaper foods abroad
- more expensive to make on UK
10
New cards
How can we respond to limiting emissions through food?
- eat seasonally
- organic produce at home
- eat local produce
- limit imports
11
New cards
What are high-value foods?
exotic fruits, veg, spices and coffee grown in LIC's have became popular as higher incomes result in varied foods
12
New cards
What are seasonal products?
seasonal food is only available during the months that it grows
13
New cards
What is organic produce?
The product of a farming system avoiding use of man-made fertilisers, pesticides; growth regulators and livestock feed additives
14
New cards
How have the different type of food demands changed in the UK?
it has changes from locally produced fruit and veg to demanded seasonal and organic produce and H.V.F
15
New cards
Why is there larger carbon footprints from the increasing number of 'food miles' travelled?
- growing, processing/packaging of food produces CO2 and other greenhouse gases

- transporting goods

- imported foods
16
New cards
People are becoming more aware of the environmental issues of the carbon footprint, so what are they doing about it?
people are looking for local sources of food like farmers' markets, farm shops and locally produced vegetable boxes.
17
New cards
What is agribusiness?
Agribusiness is a large-scale, industrial farming controlled by large firms.
18
New cards
How have farms in the UK been changing?
- larger farms
- increased use of chemicals to encourage growth
- low no. of agricultural employment from automation
19
New cards
What is water stress?
demand for water exceeds supply in a certain period of time
20
New cards
what is water deficit?
demand for water exceeds supply
21
New cards
what is water surplus?
water supply exceeds demand
22
New cards
why is the demand for water increasing?
- increased domestic appliances
- increasing population
- building homes in areas of water deficit
23
New cards
Why does water pollution need to be managed?
- river water in the UK is affected, affected water sources
- 80% of water in Southern England comes from groundwater, pollution affects water quality of 50% of groundwater used for public supply in the UK, expensive treatment
24
New cards
explain and describe the distribution of water deficit and water surplus across the UK
- North/West UK have high rainfall -> areas of surplus
- South-East/Midlands have high population densities, high demand for water having areas of water deficit
25
New cards
How can water transfers help maintain supplies?
transferring water from areas of surplus to deficit reduces water limitations
26
New cards
What are the issues of water transfers?
- dams/aqueducts are expensive to build -> affect wildlife in rivers
- political issues, people may not want their water transferred to somewhere else
27
New cards
How has the UK's energy mix been changed?
- shift from fossil fuels (91% of energy in 1970) to renewable sources
- wind/bioenergy are the biggest sources of renewable energy but the use of solar and HEP has also increased
28
New cards
evidence on how the UK's supplies of coal, oil and gas is running out
- coal production decreased since mid-20th century from decreased demand due to an effort to reduce CO2 emissions + cost of mining the remaining reserves is increasing
- use of Shale gas from underground is being considered as a way of adding to resources which is extracted using a process called fracking
29
New cards
what are the economic issues of the extraction of fossil fuels and product of electricity?
- extracting fossil fuels can be expensive
- cost to the consumer of electricity from nuclear/renewable energy sources is high
- money for research into alternative energy sources
- domestic sources don't meet energy demand, so the UK has to pay to import energy from other countries
30
New cards
what are the environmental issues of the extraction of fossil fuels and product of electricity?
- burning of fossil fuels releases CO2 and other greenhouse gases
- fracking pollutes groundwater and causes mini-earthquakes
- natural ecosystems damaged by renewable energy generators
- power stations/wind farms are eyesores
31
New cards
advantages and general info on Lynford House Farm agribusiness mini case study
- East Anglia, large arable farm of 570 hectares
- farm invested in 54m litre reservoir to tackle frequent water shortages in this dry area
- flat, fertile land is intensively farmed maximising productivity + profitability
32
New cards
advantages and general info on Riverford Organic Farm mini case study
- delivers boxes of vegetables around UK + regional farms in Devon, Yorkshire, Peterborough & Hampshire
- reduces food miles
- supports local farmers
- strong link between grower + consumer
33
New cards
how can the demand of water in the UK be met in a more sustainable way?
- recycling water within the house
- water buts for using grey water in the garden
- use of domestic appliances reduced
- transferring water from surplus areas to water stress areas
34
New cards
what is an example of a water transfer scheme?
Kielder resevoir to London resevoirs via Nework
35
New cards
what are the problems to large-scale water transfers?
- effect on land + wildlife
- high costs
- greenhouse gases released in the process of pumping water over long distances
36
New cards
how can you manage the water quality?
- monitoring the quality of river waters
- filtering water to remove sediment
- purifying water by adding chlorine
37
New cards
groundwater pollution is caused by...
- discharge from industrial sites
- runoff from chemical fertilisers used on farmland
38
New cards
despite increasing the demand for electricity in the UK, why has energy consumption fallen in recent years?
- decline of heavy industry
- improved energy conversation
{ low energy appliances, efficient cars, better building insulation }
39
New cards
how has energy changed from 1990-2014?
- 1990, 3/4 of UK energy came from coal and oil which are non-renewable sources
- by 2007, there was an equal mix of coal, gas and nuclear, all non-renewable except nuclear
- by 2014, renewable sources like wind+solar energy have become more important
40
New cards
what is energy mix?
the range and proportions of different energy sources
41
New cards
what is energy security?
how safe and secure supplies of energy are to meet the needs of the country
42
New cards
why is the UK's energy security become insecure?
dependant on imported energy because approx 75% of the UK's known natural gas reserves have been exhausted, by 2020 the UK will be importing 75% of its energy.
43
New cards
why will the UK need to continue to use fossil fuels?
- UK's remaining fossil fuel reserves will provide energy for several years
- coal imports are cheap, 3/4+ of UKs coal comes from Russia, Colombia and USA
44
New cards
what is the economic advantage of nuclear energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources?
- construction of new plants provides job opportunities and boosts the local enconomy
45
New cards
what are the economic disadvantages of nuclear energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources?
- high costs for producing electricity
- decommissioning old nuclear power plants is expensive
46
New cards
what are the environmental disadvantages of nuclear energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources?
- storage of highly toxic and radioactive waste
- warm waste water can harm local ecosystems
- risk of harmful radioactive leaks
47
New cards
what are the economic advantages of wind energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources?
- tourist attractions
48
New cards
what are the economic disadvantages of wind energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources?
- high construction costs
49
New cards
what are the environmental disadvantages of wind energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources?
- noise from turbines
- visual impact on the landscape
50
New cards
what countries produce lots of energy + has money to exploit them?
Iran, Saudi Arabia: large oil reserves
China, Australia: large coal reserves
UK, Russia: large oil and gas reserves
51
New cards
what countries have little energy consumption?
Ireland: little resources to exploit
Sudan: politically unstable + little money
Africa and South-east Asia: undeveloped, little money
52
New cards
explain the relationship between wealth and energy consumption
wealthy = higher energy consumption = higher standard of living = can afford it
53
New cards
why is energy consumption increasing? {economical factors}
- materialistic possessions which use energy e.g. cars
- all countries develop, industry expands
54
New cards
why is energy consumption increasing? {rising population}
- global population is projected to increase to 9+ billion by 2040
- more people = more energy
55
New cards
why is energy consumption increasing? {technological advances}
- new devices = needs energy as they become more popular
- some advances has made energy more affordable
56
New cards
what physical factors affect energy supply?
- global distribution of fossil fuels is unequal
- fossil fuels are non-renewable e.g. South Africa's Mossel Bay plant could run out of gas by 2020
- an area's climate or geology could affect it's potential to generate renewable energy e.g. geothermal, solar, wind
57
New cards
what technological factors affect energy supply?
- some technology makes it easier to exploit existing resources
- some countries are unable to exploit their energy sources as the tech is too expensive or being tested
58
New cards
what economical factors affect energy supply?
- prices of fossil fuels are volatile, they can vary due to complex economic and political factors
- energy infrastructure can be expensive
59
New cards
what are political factors affect energy supply?
- political instability, countries with large energy reserves have control
- climate change resulted in international agreements pledging to reduce CO2 emissions
60
New cards
what is fracking?
Hydraulic fracturing is using water and solvents under pressure to break shale underground and release natural gas
61
New cards
how does fracking work?
liquid is pumped into shale rock at high pressure causing the rock to fracture, releasing the gas to be collected
62
New cards
advantages of fracking
- available in large quantities in the UK, 5 trillion m^3 of gas in Lancashire
- less polluting, half the CO2 of coal when burned
- cheaper than alternatives
- successfully tested technology
63
New cards
disadvantages of fracking
- non-renewable + emits emissions
- risks polluting groundwater, drinking water and the air
- causes small earthquakes
- investment in fracking could slow down investment in renewable sources
- uses lots of limited resources water
64
New cards
why does energy security have an impact of environmental and economic costs?
1) as fossils fuels are used up, reserves in less accessible and more environmentally sensitive areas are exploited
2) this increases the cost of producing energy and risks environmental damage
65
New cards
why does energy security have an impact on food production?
1) demand for cleaner/cheaper energy sources increase demand for biofuels
2) growing biofuel crops takes up land that could be used to grow food leading to food shortages + may increase food prices
66
New cards
why does energy security have an impact on industrial output?
1) factories may be shut/relocated from energy shortages and higher energy costs, affects industrial output
2) higher costs passed onto consumer as producers are forced to raise prices
67
New cards
why does energy security have an impact on potential for conflict?
1) political instability where energy demand exceeds energy supply
2) conflict between countries with energy surplus and energy deficit
68
New cards
what are the pros of drilling in the arctic?
- 1/4 of the world's undiscovered oil
- improves local economy
- improves country's energy security
69
New cards
what are the cons of drilling in the arctic?
- disrupts fragile ecosystems
- undiscovered organisms destroyed
- ice damages oil rigs
- remote
- huge costs
70
New cards
what is biofuel?
using crops + plant products to create fuel for energy
71
New cards
what are the advantages of biofuel {social/economic/environmental}?
- energy used to power farm machinery/store farm produce {social/economic}
- release less CO2 than fossil fuels {environmental}
- manufactures fertilisers/chemicals {economic}
- increase an areas energy security {social/economic}
72
New cards
what are the disadvantages of biofuel {social/economic/environmental}?
- use of biofuels like maize/sugar contributed to increased food prices {economic}
- in LICS, firewood is the energy source, people spend hours collecting wood reducing food production {economic}
- expensive production {economic}
- large amounts of water required {social}
73
New cards
how does potential for conflict affect energy insecurity?
- Russia control 25% of worlds natural energy supplies
- Russia could pressure customers, in Western Europe, by raising prices/cutting supplies off (Ukraine conflict when pipeline was shut)
74
New cards
how does energy secure have an impact on food production?
biofuel uses crops + plants to increase energu security affecting food production
75
New cards
what is a choke point?
areas where large volumes of energy pass through that could be at risk of disruption
76
New cards
what types of choke points could an area be at risk of disruption?
- political conflicts
- terrorism
- hijack
- natural hazard
- collision
77
New cards
what are global choke point examples?
- Panama Canal (terrorism, collision + hazards)
- Ukraine pipelines
- Samalian Pirates (hijacks)
78
New cards
solar description, advantages, disadvantages + example
energy from sun heats water/generates electricity using photovoltaic cells

adv: excess energy can be sold, making extra money

dis: photovoltaic cells are expensive + weather dependent

Morocco, Noor Complex; provides electricity for 1+ million people
79
New cards
HEP description, advantages, disadvantages + example
Created from falling water, trapped by dam which passes through tunnels; force of water turns turbines + generates electricity

adv: flexible and efficient + water flow/electrical output can be adjusted to match demand/limit waste

dis: construction of dams ruins habitats and communities + expensive to build the dams and turbines

Three Gorges Dam, China, largest HEP station
80
New cards
geothermal description, advantages, disadvantages + example
Water pumped into ground + turned into steam by heat and Earth's crust. Steam turns turbine generating electricity

adv: cheap and reliable + little construction needed

dis: only works in tectonically active areas

87% of Iceland's heating/hot water for homes comes from geothermal energy
81
New cards
tidal description, advantages, disadvantages + example
currents/changes in water level caused by tides are used to turn turbines + generate electricity

adv: regular tidal cycles

dis: cannot generate constant energy + expensive

Cornwall and Wales
82
New cards
wind description, advantages, disadvantages + example
wind turbines use wind energy generating electricity

adv: no greenhouse gas emissions once turbines are built

dis: weather dependent

2017, Denmark wind power produced energy for 10m homes
83
New cards
biomass description, advantages, disadvantages + example
wood, plants/animals waste burnt for power used to produce biofuels

adv: doesn't require much technology (good for LICs)

dis: only renewable is managed sustainably

USA produced 1m+ barrels of biofuel a day in 2015
84
New cards
what is natural gas?
A hydrocarbon forming the decomposition of organisms deposited on the sea bed millions of year ago; made of methane, propane and butane {formed by heat & pressure}
85
New cards
where is the most natural gas produced?
60% of known natural gas reserves in Russia/Iran/Qatar, the Reserves are sufficient to last 54 years at current rate of production
86
New cards
what are the advantages of natural gas extraction?
- cleanest of the fossil fuels with 45% less CO2
- less environmental accidents than oil
- it provides employment opportunities[1.2M people] and helps boost local economies
- can be transported in a variety of ways i.e. through pipelines or by tankers over land and sea
87
New cards
what are the disadvantages of natural gas extraction?
- pipelines are expensive to build/maintain
- deforestation associated with pipeline or other development affects natural habitats
- dangerous if handled carelessly
- some gas reserves are politically unstable countries or prepared to use gas supply as political weapons
88
New cards
what is a sustainable energy supply?
- balancing supply and demand
- reducing waste + inefficiency
- not affecting the future population negatively
89
New cards
what does carbon neutral mean?
no release of carbon into atmosphere from an activity
90
New cards
what are sustainable features for energy conserving buildings?
- solar panels
- wind turbines
- energy efficiency lighting
- double glazing
- energy efficient appliances
91
New cards
how can technology increase efficiency of fossil fuels in cars?
- improved engines
- electric + hybrid cars
- bio-fuel in car engines reduces oil consumption
92
New cards
what are the advantages of large scale HEP?
- powers large areas/homes
- creates lots of electricity increasing efficiency
93
New cards
what are the disadvantages of large scale HEP?
- expensive
- visually polluting/unnatural
- wildlife disruption
94
New cards
what are the advantages of small scale HEP (microhydro)?
- cheaper
- more local
- doesn't disrupt natural flow of river
95
New cards
what is the disadvantages of small scale HEP (microhydro)?
- less energy generated