Studied by 4 people
variations in climate and rainfall
capturing the water is expensive requiring lots of investment
unbalanced diets lead to malnourishment including undernourishment
malnourishment limits children's development, increases illness
WHO says we need 2000-2400 calories p/d to be healthy
1b+ people in world are malnourished
2b people are suffering undernutrition resulting in illness and economic impacts
vital for crops + food supply + power
imbalance of water is due to rainfall + climate
UN predicts that by 2025 there will be 50 countries facing water scarcity
water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid kill many each year
energy for industry, transport and domestics
develops industry, jobs and wealth
HICs consume more energy than LICs in Africa and the Middle East
as NEEs become more industrialised, energy demand increases and energy patterns change
unsuitable climate
demand for seasonal produce
choice/exotic foods
availability of cheaper foods abroad
more expensive to make on UK
eat seasonally
organic produce at home
eat local produce
limit imports
growing, processing/packaging of food produces CO2 and other greenhouse gases
transporting goods
imported foods
larger farms
increased use of chemicals to encourage growth
low no. of agricultural employment from automation
increased domestic appliances
increasing population
building homes in areas of water deficit
river water in the UK is affected, affected water sources
80% of water in Southern England comes from groundwater, pollution affects water quality of 50% of groundwater used for public supply in the UK, expensive treatment
North/West UK have high rainfall -> areas of surplus
South-East/Midlands have high population densities, high demand for water having areas of water deficit
dams/aqueducts are expensive to build -> affect wildlife in rivers
political issues, people may not want their water transferred to somewhere else
shift from fossil fuels (91% of energy in 1970) to renewable sources
wind/bioenergy are the biggest sources of renewable energy but the use of solar and HEP has also increased
coal production decreased since mid-20th century from decreased demand due to an effort to reduce CO2 emissions + cost of mining the remaining reserves is increasing
use of Shale gas from underground is being considered as a way of adding to resources which is extracted using a process called fracking
extracting fossil fuels can be expensive
cost to the consumer of electricity from nuclear/renewable energy sources is high
money for research into alternative energy sources
domestic sources don't meet energy demand, so the UK has to pay to import energy from other countries
burning of fossil fuels releases CO2 and other greenhouse gases
fracking pollutes groundwater and causes mini-earthquakes
natural ecosystems damaged by renewable energy generators
power stations/wind farms are eyesores
East Anglia, large arable farm of 570 hectares
farm invested in 54m litre reservoir to tackle frequent water shortages in this dry area
flat, fertile land is intensively farmed maximising productivity + profitability
delivers boxes of vegetables around UK + regional farms in Devon, Yorkshire, Peterborough & Hampshire
reduces food miles
supports local farmers
strong link between grower + consumer
recycling water within the house
water buts for using grey water in the garden
use of domestic appliances reduced
transferring water from surplus areas to water stress areas
effect on land + wildlife
high costs
greenhouse gases released in the process of pumping water over long distances
monitoring the quality of river waters
filtering water to remove sediment
purifying water by adding chlorine
discharge from industrial sites
runoff from chemical fertilisers used on farmland
decline of heavy industry
improved energy conversation { low energy appliances, efficient cars, better building insulation }
1990, 3/4 of UK energy came from coal and oil which are non-renewable sources
by 2007, there was an equal mix of coal, gas and nuclear, all non-renewable except nuclear
by 2014, renewable sources like wind+solar energy have become more important
UK's remaining fossil fuel reserves will provide energy for several years
coal imports are cheap, 3/4+ of UKs coal comes from Russia, Colombia and USA
high costs for producing electricity
decommissioning old nuclear power plants is expensive
storage of highly toxic and radioactive waste
warm waste water can harm local ecosystems
risk of harmful radioactive leaks
noise from turbines
visual impact on the landscape
materialistic possessions which use energy e.g. cars
all countries develop, industry expands
global population is projected to increase to 9+ billion by 2040
more people = more energy
new devices = needs energy as they become more popular
some advances has made energy more affordable
global distribution of fossil fuels is unequal
fossil fuels are non-renewable e.g. South Africa's Mossel Bay plant could run out of gas by 2020
an area's climate or geology could affect it's potential to generate renewable energy e.g. geothermal, solar, wind
some technology makes it easier to exploit existing resources
some countries are unable to exploit their energy sources as the tech is too expensive or being tested
prices of fossil fuels are volatile, they can vary due to complex economic and political factors
energy infrastructure can be expensive
political instability, countries with large energy reserves have control
climate change resulted in international agreements pledging to reduce CO2 emissions
available in large quantities in the UK, 5 trillion m^3 of gas in Lancashire
less polluting, half the CO2 of coal when burned
cheaper than alternatives
successfully tested technology
non-renewable + emits emissions
risks polluting groundwater, drinking water and the air
causes small earthquakes
investment in fracking could slow down investment in renewable sources
uses lots of limited resources water
as fossils fuels are used up, reserves in less accessible and more environmentally sensitive areas are exploited
this increases the cost of producing energy and risks environmental damage
demand for cleaner/cheaper energy sources increase demand for biofuels
growing biofuel crops takes up land that could be used to grow food leading to food shortages + may increase food prices
factories may be shut/relocated from energy shortages and higher energy costs, affects industrial output
higher costs passed onto consumer as producers are forced to raise prices
political instability where energy demand exceeds energy supply
conflict between countries with energy surplus and energy deficit
1/4 of the world's undiscovered oil
improves local economy
improves country's energy security
disrupts fragile ecosystems
undiscovered organisms destroyed
ice damages oil rigs
remote
huge costs
energy used to power farm machinery/store farm produce {social/economic}
release less CO2 than fossil fuels {environmental}
manufactures fertilisers/chemicals {economic}
increase an areas energy security {social/economic}
use of biofuels like maize/sugar contributed to increased food prices {economic}
in LICS, firewood is the energy source, people spend hours collecting wood reducing food production {economic}
expensive production {economic}
large amounts of water required {social}
Russia control 25% of worlds natural energy supplies
Russia could pressure customers, in Western Europe, by raising prices/cutting supplies off (Ukraine conflict when pipeline was shut)
political conflicts
terrorism
hijack
natural hazard
collision
Panama Canal (terrorism, collision + hazards)
Ukraine pipelines
Samalian Pirates (hijacks)
cleanest of the fossil fuels with 45% less CO2
less environmental accidents than oil
it provides employment opportunities[1.2M people] and helps boost local economies
can be transported in a variety of ways i.e. through pipelines or by tankers over land and sea
pipelines are expensive to build/maintain
deforestation associated with pipeline or other development affects natural habitats
dangerous if handled carelessly
some gas reserves are politically unstable countries or prepared to use gas supply as political weapons
balancing supply and demand
reducing waste + inefficiency
not affecting the future population negatively
solar panels
wind turbines
energy efficiency lighting
double glazing
energy efficient appliances
improved engines
electric + hybrid cars
bio-fuel in car engines reduces oil consumption
powers large areas/homes
creates lots of electricity increasing efficiency
expensive
visually polluting/unnatural
wildlife disruption
cheaper
more local
doesn't disrupt natural flow of river
