AP World History Unit One Amsco Vocab Terms

The Global Tapestry

proto-industiralization

Under the Song—and earlier than in Western Europe—China experienced ______, a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell. Unlike later industrialization, which featured large-scale production in factories using complex machinery,___________ relied more on home-based or community-based production using simple equipment.

artisans

_______, or skilled craftworkers, produced steel and other products in widely dispersed smelting facilities under the supervision of the imperial government. _______ also manufactured porcelain and silk that reached consumers through expanding trade networks, especially by sea. Porcelain was highly desired because it was light-weight yet strong. Further, it was light-colored, so it could be easily painted with elaborate designs.

scholar gentry

The bureaucratic expansion created an entirely new social class, the scholar gentry. They soon outnumbered the aristocracy, which was comprised of landowners who inherited their wealth. The _________were educated in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China.

fitial piety

The Song Dynasty benefited from the Confucian idea of ___________, the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler. The emphasis on respect for one’s elders helped the Song maintain their rule in China.

Champa Rice

a fast-ripening and drought-resistent strain of rice from the ChampaKingdom in present-day Vietnam, greatly expanded agricultural production in China. This rice and other strains developed through experimentation allowed farming to spread to lands where once rice could not grow, such as lowlands, riverbanks, and hills. In some areas, it also allowed farmers to grow two crops of rice per year, a summer crop and a winter crop.

Grand Canal

an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles. Expanding the canal enabled China, under the Song Dynasty, to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Song Dynasty

The _______ replaced the Tang in 960 and ruled for more than three centuries. They lost control of northern lands to invading pastoralists from Manchuria who set up the Jin Empire. Although the ____ ruled a smaller region than the Tang, their reign was prosperous and under them the arts flourished.

Imperial bureaucracy

China’s strength was partially the result of its __________, a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies. The bureaucracy had been a feature of Chinese government since the Qin dynasty (221 B.C.E—207 B.C.E.). It represented a continuity across centuries and dynasties. Under the Song, China’s bureaucracy expanded. Early in the dynasty, this strengthened the dynasty.

meritocracy

A bureaucratic system where one qualifies for a government position based on merit rather than inheritance.

Ex. civil service exam.

woodblock printing

They (The Chinese) were the first culture to use _____. A Buddhist scripture produced in the 7th century is thought to be the world’s first woodblock printed work.

footbining

One distinctive constraint on women’s activities in China was the practice of _______, which became common among aristocratic families during the Song Dynasty. From a very young age, girls had their feet wrapped so tightly that the bones did not grow naturally. A bound foot signified social status, something suitors particularly desired. It also restricted women’s ability to move and hence to participate in the public sphere.

Buddhism

_______ had come to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads. Its presence is evident during the anarchic period between the later Han and the Sui dynasties. However, its popularity became widespread during the Tang Dynasty. The 7th century ______ monk Xuanzang helped build ________ popularity in China.

Thereveda Buddhism

form of Buddhism focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. It became strongest in Southeast Asia.

Mahayana Buddhism

form of Buddhism focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. It became strongest in China and Korea.

Tibetan Buddhism

Form of Buddhism focused on chanting. It became strongest in Tibet.

syncretic

Fusing two or more ideas/principle together to make one. Most commonly seen in religion ideas ex. zen buddhism and neo-confusianism.

Chan (Zen) Buddhism

Like Daoism, ________ emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture. Because of its fusion with Chinese beliefs, Buddhism became very popular in China. Monasteries—buildings where monks lived together—appeared in most major cities.

Neo-Confusianism

evolved in China between 770 and 840. It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism. This new incarnation of ______ emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of God and nature. It became immensely popular in the countries in China’s orbit, including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

Heian Period

during the _______(794-1185) Japan emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature.

nuclear families

the Vietnamese preferred ________ (just a wife, husband, and their children).

polygyny

The act on have more than one wife at the same time.

Mamluk Sultanate

In Egypt, ____ seized control of the government, establishing the _________ (1250-1517). They prospered by facilitating trade in cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe. However, when the Portuguese and other Europeans developed new sea routes for trade, the _______ declined in power.

Seljuk Turks

another challenge to the Abbasids came from the Central Asian ____ ___, who were also Muslims. Starting in the 11th century, they began conquering parts of the Middle East, eventually extending their power almost as far east as Western China

Mongols

The fourth group to attack the Abbasid Empire were among the most famous conquerors in history: the ______. (See Topic 2.2.) Like many Mamluks and the Seljuk Turks, they came from Central Asia. The _______ conquered the remaining Abbasid Empire in 1258 and ended the Seljuk rule. They continued to push westward but were stopped in Egypt by the Mamluks.

sultan

he Seljuk leader called himself _____(A religious and political leader of Islam, they held less power that a caliph) , thereby reducing the role of the highest-ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief Sunni religious authority.

Abbasid Caliphate

The _________ was the third Islamic caliphate, a dynasty that ruled over much of the Muslim world from 750 to 1258 CE, marking the Islamic Golden Age with significant scientific and cultural flourishing. Established after a revolution overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasids fostered an environment of intellectual growth, established Baghdad as a center of learning, and promoted translations of various global texts, leading to advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy.

Mamluks

people who were frequently ethnic Turks from Central Asia, to serve as soldiers and later as bureaucrats. Because of their roles, _____ had more opportunities for advancement than did most enslaved people.

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam who, according to Islamic tradition, reciving God’s message in its final and most perfect form.

Åter the death of ______ in 632, Islam spread rapidly outward from Arabia. Through military actions and the activities of merchants and missionaries, Islam’s reach extended from India to Spain.

Crusaders

The Abbasids allowed Christians to travel easily to and from their holy sites in and around Jerusalem. However, the Seljuk Turks limited this travel. European Christians organized groups of soldiers, called ________, to reopen access.

Sufis

Unlike Muslims who focused on intellectual pursuits, such as the study of the Quran, _______ emphasized introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning. Sufism may have begun as a mystical response to the perceived love of luxury by the early Umayyad Caliphate.

House of Wisdom

Under the Abbasid Empire, scholars traveled from far away to Baghdad to study at a renowned center of learning known as the _____________. The Islamic community helped transfer knowledge throughout Afro-Eurasia. When the Abbasids declined, they were replaced by other Islamic states.

Baghdad

Goods and ideas flowed from one region to another on trade routes controlled by the Abbasids. Many went through ________. However, trade patterns slowly shifted to routes farther north. As _________ lost its traditional place at the center of trade, it lost wealth and population. It could not afford to keep its canals repaired. Farmers could not provide enough food for the urban population. Slowly, the infrastructure that had made Baghdad a great city fell into decay.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

one of the most celebrated Islamic scholars. He contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. An observatory built under his direction was the most advanced in the world and produced the most accurate astronomical charts. He studied the relationship between the lengths of the sides of a triangle and the angles. This laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject. Medical advances and hospital care improved in cities such as Cairo, while doctors and pharmacists studied for examinations for licenses that would allow them to practice.

‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

may be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century. Her best-known work, a long poem honoring Muhammad called “Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted One,” refers to many previous poets, reflecting her broad learning. Many of her works describe her journey toward mystical illumination.

‘A’ishah’s poetry reflects a contrast between most Muslims and Sufis.

Vijayanagara Empire (Southern India)

he second kingdom, the ________ (1336-1646) took its name from the word for “the victorious city.” It began with the arrival of two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, from the Delhi Sultanate in north-central India. They were sent to the area because the Delhi Sultanate wished to extend its rule to southern India. These brothers had been born as Hindus and converted to Islam for the sake of upward mobility. When they left the region controlled by the Delhi Sultanate, they once again embraced the religion of their birth and established their own Hindu kingdom. The __________ existed from the mid-1300s until the mid-1500s, when a group of Muslim kingdoms overthrew it.

Rajput kingdoms (North India)

________ gradually formed in northern India and present-day Pakistan. These were Hindu kingdoms led by leaders of numerous clans who were often at war with one another. Because of the competition among clans, no centralized government arose, once again demonstrating the diversity and the regionalism of South Asia. The lack of a centralized power left the kingdoms vulnerable to Muslim attacks.

Delhi Sultanate

In the early 13th century, Islamic forces managed to conquer the city of Delhi and much of the northern portion of South Asia. Bringing Islam into India, the ___________ reigned for 300 years, from the 13th through the 16th centuries. The interaction of Islam and Hinduism in northern India dominated the political history of the era. While some Hindus converted to Islam, others resented Muslims and considered them foreigners. One factor contributing to this resentment was that the __________ imposed a tax, called the jizya, on all non-Muslim subjects of the empire.

Srivijaya Empire (Sumatre)

The _______ (670-1025) was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China. (sea based)

Majapahit Kingdom (Java)

The ______________ (1293-1520) based on Java had 98 tributaries at its height. Like Srivijaya, __________ sustained its power by controlling sea routes. Unlike Srivijaya, ________ was Buddhist. (sea based_

Sinhala dynasties (sri Lanka)

The __________ in Sri Lanka had their roots in the arrival of early immigrants, most likely merchants, from north India. Buddhists arrived in the 3rd century B.C.E. and the island became a center of Buddhist study. Monasteries and nunneries flourished. Both men and women found a life of contemplation and simple living attractive.

Khmer Empire (Cambodia)

The_________, also known as the Angkor Kingdom (802-1431), was situated near the Mekong River and also did not depend on maritime prowess for its power. The kingdom’s complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity, making it one of the most prosperous kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Irrigation allowed farmers to harvest rice crops several times a year, and drainage systems reduced the impact of the heavy monsoon rains.

Sukhothai Kingdom (Thialand)

During the same period and only one-half mile from Angkor Thom, rulers constructed the ornate and majestic Buddhist temple complex of Angkor Wat. In 1431, the Thais of the ___________invaded the area, forcing the Khmers out. Nevertheless, ruins of the magnificent structures in Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat still stand, testifying not only to the sophistication of Southeast Asian culture but also to the powerful influence of Indian culture on the region.

proselytize

convert or attempt to convert (someone) from one religion, belief, or opinion to another.

Islam initially entered India forcefully yet eventually took on a more peaceful approach. But while Islam was a universalizing religion, one that wanted to ____________, or actively seek converts, Muslim rulers found early in their reign that forcing their Hindu and Buddhist subjects to convert was not successful.

Bhakti Movement

Beginning in the 12th century, some Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life. Rather than emphasize studying texts or performing rituals, they focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity. This development, known as the _________________, started in southern India. It was especially appealing to many believers because it did not discriminate against women or people of low social status. For example, one of the most famous figures of the Bhakti Movement would be a female, the poet Mira Bai, who lived in the 16th century.

Qutub Minar

Rulers from the Delhi Sultanate built an elaborate mosque on top of a Hindu temple and used materials for the mosque from nearby Hindu and other religious shrines. Towering over the mosque is the __________ itself, a gigantic leaning tower, the tallest structure in India today. Historians debate the reason for its construction; one obvious function is its presence as a symbol of Islamic influence and, at one time, dominance of northern India.

Urdu

An entirely new language developed among Muslims of South Asia: ____. ____ melded the grammatical pattern of Hindi (the language of Northern Indians), and with the vocabulary of Arabic and some elements of Farsi (the language of Persians). Today, ______ is the official language of Pakistan.

Mississippian

The first large-scale civilization in North America emerged in the 700s or 800s in what is now the eastern United States. Since it started in the _______ River Valley, it is known as the ___________ culture.

matrilineal society

Mississippians had a _____________, which means that social standing was determined by the woman’s side of the family. For example, when the Great Sun died, the title passed not to his own son, but to a sister’s son.

Cahokia

While other cultures built monumental buildings, Mississippians built enormous earthen mounds, some of which were as tall as 100 feet and covered an area the size of 12 football fields. The largest of these mounds is ____________, located in southern Illinois.

city-states

The main form of Mayan government was the __________, each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory. Most rulers were men. However, when no male heir was available or old enough to govern, Mayan women ruled. Wars between ________ were common. At times, _________ were overthrown. However, Mayans rarely fought to control territory.

Mexica (Aztecs)

originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the 1200s. In 1325, they founded their capital Tenochtitlan on the site of what is now Mexico City. Over the next 100 years, they conquered the surrounding peoples and created an empire that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean.

theocracy

a government based on a religion

human sacrifice

More often they fought to gain tribute—payments from the conquered to the conqueror—and captives to be used as _______during religious ceremonies.

A human being kill to be offered as a sacrafice to (a) God(s)

Pachauti

In 1438, a tribal leader who called himself ___________, which means “transformer” or “shaker” of the earth, began conquering the tribes living near what is now Cuzco, Peru. His military victories, followed by those of his son, combined the small tribes into a full-fledged state,

Incan Empire

the _________. It extended from present-day Ecuador in the north to Chile in the south. By 1493, Pachacuti’s grandson, Huayna Capac, ruled the empire.

mit’a system

people living under the Aztecs, conquered people under the Inca did not have to pay tribute. Rather, they were subject to the _______, mandatory public service. Men between the ages of 15 and 50 provided agricultural and other forms of labor, including the construction of roads.

Carpa Nan

The Inca were especially good builders of bridges and roads. Using captive labor, they constructed a massive roadway system called the ______, with some 25,000 miles of roads used mainly by the government and military. In a mountainous region, bridges were particularly important.

Temple of the Sun

The name Inca means “people of the sun,” and Inti, the sun god, was the most important of the Incan gods. Inca rulers were considered to be Inti’s representative on the earth. As the center of two critical elements in Incan religion—honoring of the sun and royal ancestor veneration—the ___________in Cuzco formed the core of Incan religion.

animism

Inca religion included some ___________—the belief that elements of the physical world could have supernatural powers. Called huaca, they could be large geographical features such as a river or a mountain peak. Or, they could be very small objects such as a stone, a plant, or a built object, such as a bridge.

kin-based networks

In contrast to most Asian or European societies, those in Sub-Saharan Africa did not centralize power under one leader or central government. Instead, communities formed___________, where families governed themselves. A male head of the network, a chief, mediated conflicts and dealt with neighboring groups. Groups of villages became districts, and a group of chiefs decided among themselves how to solve the district’s problems.

Swahili

in East Africa, traders blended Bantu and Arabic to develop a new language, _______. Today, ______ is spoken by various groups in the African Great Lakes region as well as other parts of Southeast Africa.

Zanj Rebelion

The enslaved East Africans, known in Arabic as zanj, provided valuable labor on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia. However, between 869 and 883, they and many Arab workers mounted a series of revolts known as the _________. About 15,000 enslaved people successfully captured the city of Basra and held it for ten years before being defeated. The large size and long length of time before it was defeated make the _________ one of the most successful slave revolts in history.

trans-Saharan trade

Though the region lacked access to the sea, contact with people from outside the region was important. Many Hausa benefited from the thriving _________, a network of trading routes across the great desert. A state on the western edge of the region specialized in military matters and defended the states against attack. Because the states lacked a central authority, however, they were frequently subject to domination from outside. In the 14th century, missionaries introduced Islam to the region.

Indian-Ocean trade

While Ghana and Mali relied on land-based trade across the Sahara, Zimbabwe traded with the coastal city-states such as Mombasa, Kilwa, and Mogadishu. Through these ports, Zimbabwe was tied into the ________, which connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia.

Indian Ocean. slave trade

A strong demand in the Middle East for enslaved workers resulted in an ________ between East Africa and the Middle East. This trade started several centuries before the Atlantic Ocean slave trade between West Africa and the Americas. In some places, it lasted into the 20th century.

Great Zimbabwe

he rise and decline of Zimbabwe was reflected in the defensive walls used to protect cities. By the end of the 13th century, a massive wall of stone, 30 feet tall by 15 feet thick, surrounded the capital city, which became known as the_______. The stone wall was the first large one on the continent that people built without mortar. Inside the wall, most of the royal city’s buildings were made of stone. In the late 15th century, nearly 20,000 people resided within the _______ However, overgrazing so damaged the surrounding environment that residents of the bustling capital city abandoned it by the end of the 1400s. The wall still stands in the modern country of Zimbabwe.

chief

for political structure in inland africa — male head of the network, a _____, mediated conflicts and dealt with neighboring groups. Groups of villages became districts, and a group of _____ decided among themselves how to solve the district’s problems.

Hausa Kingdoms

ometime before 1000, in what is now Nigeria, people of the Hausa ethnic group formed seven states, the _________. The states were loosely connected through kinship ties, though they too had no central authority. People established prospering city-states, each with a speciality. For example, several were situated in plains where cotton grew well.

Ghana

Nestled between the Sahara and the tropical rain forests of the West African coast, the kingdom of _______ was not in the same location as the modern nation of _______. Historians believe that the kingdom had been founded during the Sth century, at least two centuries before the time of Muhammad, but ______ reached its peak of influence from the 8th to the 11th centuries. ______ rulers sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools. From _______ capital city, Koumbi Saleh, the king ruled a centralized government aided by nobles and an army equipped with iron weapons.

Mail

By the 12th century, wars with neighboring societies had permanently weakened the Ghanaian state. In its place arose several new trading societies, the most powerful of which was ______. Most scholars believe that ______ founding ruler, Sundiata, was a Muslim and used his connections with others of his faith to establish trade relationships with North African and Arab merchants. Sundiata cultivated a thriving gold trade in _______. Under his steady leadership, _____ wealth grew tremendously. His nephew, Mansa Musa, made a pilgrimage to Mecca, where his lavish displays of gold left a lasting impression.

Zimbabwe

In East Africa, the architecture demonstrated the growing wealth of one kingdom. Though most houses had traditionally been constructed from wood, by the 9th century chiefs had begun to construct their “_______,” the Bantu word for “dwellings,” with stone. This word became the name of one of the most powerful of all the East African kingdoms between the 12th and 15th centuries—________. It was situated between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers in modern-day _______ and Mozambique.

_________ built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and, above all, gold. Like Ghana and Mali on the other side of the continent, __________ had rich gold fields, and taxes on the transport of gold made the kingdom wealthy. While Ghana and Mali relied on land-based trade across the Sahara, _________ traded with the coastal city-states such as Mombasa, Kilwa, and Mogadishu. Through these ports, ____________ was tied into the Indian Ocean trade, which connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia.

Ethiopia

Christianity had spread from its origins along the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea south into Egypt and beyond. In what is today _______, the kingdom of Axum developed. It prospered by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa. Beginning in the 7th century, the spread of Islam made the region more diverse religiously.

In the 12th century, a new Christian-led kingdom in __________ emerged. Its rulers, like those of other countries, expressed their power through architecture. They ordered the creation of 11 massive churches made entirely of rock.Carved rock structures had been a feature of ___________ religious architecture since the 2nd millennium B.C.E.

Magna Carta

Many English nobles objected to the power of William and the succeeding Norman monarchs. These nobles forced limits on that power. In 1215, they forced King John to sign the ________which required the king to respect certain rights, such as the right to a jury trial before a noble could be sentenced to prison. They also won the right to be consulted on the issue of scutage (a tax paid on a knight who wanted to pay money instead of provide military service).

English Parliament

Finally, the first ________t was formed in 1265. These developments increased the rights of the English nobility, but not of the general population.

In the first full parliamentary meeting in 1265, the House of Lords represented the nobles and Church hierarchy, while the House of Commons was made up of elected representatives of wealthy townspeople. Eventually, the power of these two legislative bodies in England became stronger than that of similar bodies on the European continent.

manors

Large fiefs or estates were also referred to as _________

manorial system

The _______ provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. The manor produced everything that people living on it required, limiting the need for trade or contact with outsiders. Many serfs spent their entire lives on a single manor, little aware of events in the rest of Europe.

three-field system

The three-field system, in which crops were rotated through three fields, came into use.

One field was planted with wheat or rye, crops that provided food.

A second field was planted with legumes such as peas, lentils, or beans. These made the soil more fertile by adding nitrogen to it.

A third field was allowed to remain fallow, or unused, each year.

feudalism

European civilization in the Middle Ages was characterized by a decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty known as _______. Lacking a strong government, people needed some protection from bandits, rival lords, and invaders such as the Vikings from northern Europe. The core of ___________ was a system of mutual obligations:

A monarch, usually a king, granted tracts of land, called fiefs, to lords. In return, a lord became a king’s vassal, a person who owed service to another person of higher status.

Lords then provided land to knights. In return, knights became vassals of the lord, and pledged to fight for the lord or king.

Lords also provided land and protection to peasants. In return, peasants were obligated to farm the lord’s land and provide the lord with crops and livestock, and to obey the lord’s orders.

serfs

They included the homes of peasants known as _____. _____, while not enslaved, were tied to the land. This meant they could not travel without permission from their lords. Nor could they marry without their lord’s approval. In exchange for protection provided by the lord of the manor, they paid tribute in the form of crops, labor, or, in rare cases, coins. Children born to _____ also became ______.

primiogeniture

Social and economic trends of the 11th century added to the pressure among Europeans to invade the Middle East. Rules of _________, under which the eldest son in a family inherited the entire estate, left a generation of younger sons with little access to wealth and land.

bourgeoisie/burghers

Middle class

middle class, between the elite nobles and clergy and the mass of peasants, began to grow. Known as the _________, it included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders.

Estates-General

The ___________ was a body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Although the French kings consulted this __________when necessary, they did not exact regular taxes from the upper two estates, the clergy and nobility. Consequently, the___________ had little power.

estates

also refered to as manors

Otto

The German king ____ I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, hearkening back to Charlemagne’s designation as Emperor of the Romans.

Crusades (Europe)

A combination of religious, social, and economic pressures resulted in the _____—a series of European military campaigns in the Middle East between 1095 and the 1200s.

Politics shaped the conduct of ____. Tensions between popes and kings strengthened the intention of the Roman Catholic Church to take control. The Church also used its spiritual authority to recruit believers. It granted relief from required acts of atonement and penance and even promised people they would reach heaven sooner if they joined a ______. Support came for the Orthodox branch of Christianity as well. Alarmed by news of the persecution of Christian pilgrims by Seljuk Turks, the Orthodox patriarch at Constantinople appealed to Pope Urban II to help retake the Holy Land from Islamic control.

Marco Polo

In the late 13th century _____, an Italian native from Venice, visited the court of Kublai Khan in Dadu, modern-day Beijing. Polo’s captivating descriptions of the customs of the people he met intrigued Europeans. For example, he described how Mongols had multiple marriages, drank mare’s milk, burned black stones (coal) to heat their homes, and bathed frequently—often three times per week. Curiosity about Asia skyrocketed, stimulating interest in cartography, or mapmaking.

Rennaissance

he _____ was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue. Scholars recovered and studied decaying manuscripts that had been written many centuries earlier. Developed in 1439, Johannes Gutenberg’s movable-type printing press initiated a revolution in print technology. The printing press allowed manuscripts to be mass-produced at relatively affordable costs. It fostered a growth in literacy and the rapid spread of ideas.

humanism

One characteristic of the Renaissance was the interest in _______, the focus on individuals rather than God. Humanists sought education and reform. They began to write secular literature. Cultural changes in the Renaissance, such as the increased use of the vernacular language, propelled the rise of powerful monarchies, the centralization of governments, and the birth of nationalism. (

lay investiture controversy

Otto’s successors survived the power struggle with the papacy over the _________ of the 11th and 12th centuries. This dispute was over whether a secular (non-religious) leader, rather than the pope, could invest bishops with the symbols of office. It was finally resolved in the Concordat of Worms of 1122, when the Church achieved autonomy from secular authorities.

Great Schism

In 1054, the Christian Church in Europe divided into two branches, a split called the ______. The Roman Catholic Church continued to dominate most of Europe for another five centuries, while the Orthodox Church was powerful farther east, from Greece to Russia.

antisemitism

intolerance towards Jewish people

Little Ice Age

Urban growth was hampered after about 1300 by a five-century cooling of the climate known as the ______. Lower temperatures reduced agricultural productivity, so people had less to trade and cities grew more slowly. The Little Ice Age led to an increase in disease and an increase in unemployment.