Unit 1.1-1.3 Vocab AP Euro

Crop Rotation

Planting of crops in different fields at different times.

Dividends

Payments in return for investment based on a company's profit.

Double Entry Bookkeeping

Type of accounting where both sides of each transaction are tracked in a ledger.

Dutch East India Company

Joint stock company formed in 1602 to finance Dutch trade in Asia, paid dividends of 30 percent over 10 years of operation.

Alberti, Leon Battista

Wrote books in Italian to reach a broad audience; influenced by Cicero; authored *On Painting*, explaining how to create 3D effects in art.

Brunelleschi, Filippo

Architect of the Dome of Florence on the Church of San Lorenzo; represents the pinnacle of reaching one's potential.

Bruni, Leonardo

Translated Greek and Latin texts and wrote biographies of poets from the 1300s.

Castiglione, Baldassare

Author of *The Book of the Courtier* (1528), exemplifying secular individual behavior for the aristocratic class.

Cicero

Roman statesman and orator (106 BCE-43 BCE) known for *Letters to Atticus*, providing insights into political life in classical Rome.

City States

Self-governing communities of the Renaissance era.

Civic Humanist Culture

Secular models for active citizenship and eloquent leadership, exemplified by Cicero.

Classical Era

Period from 800 BCE to 500 CE, whose ideas served as the basis for Renaissance thought and learning.

da Vinci, Leonardo

(1452-1519) Renowned for his contributions to painting, sculpture, and scientific experiments.

Democracy

Government in which people hold power either directly or through elected representatives.

Donatello

Sculptor (1386-1466) known for bronze and marble works, inspired by classical art.

Ficino, Marsilio

Italian humanist (1433-1499) who studied Greek and Plato, connecting Plato's works to Christian theology.

Fresco

Wall painting technique using watercolor on wet plaster.

Geometric Perspective

Use of mathematics to create the appearance of space and distance in two-dimensional paintings.

Guicciardini, Francesco

(1483-1540) Wrote about politics and government from a politician's perspective.

Humanists

Renaissance intellectuals who studied classical civilization and focused on human dignity.

Individualism

Emphasis on personal interests over religious or political concerns.

Medici

Prominent Italian banking family influential during the Renaissance.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) Renowned Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.

Naturalism

Artistic approach that aims to imitate nature.

New York

Became NYC in 1664 when taken over by the English.

Palladio, Andrea

(1508-1580) Architect known for classical architecture using available materials.

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of Humanism; Italian poet and scholar who sought classical texts and wrote in the vernacular.

Philological

Scholarly method of analyzing texts with a focus on the history of language.

Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni

Scholar known for "Oration on the Dignity of Man," blending philosophical views.

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian painter known for Madonna paintings and Vatican frescoes like *The School of Athens*.

Renaissance

Period from c. 1300-1450, marked by a renewal of interest in classical civilization.

Representative Government

Governance by elected representatives of the people, as seen in the Roman Republic.

Secular

Worldly perspective, as opposed to a religious one.

Valla, Lorenzo

Philological scholar who proved the *Donation of Constantine* was a forgery.

Machiavelli, Niccolò

Studied Roman historian Livy; authored *The Prince* (1513) on gaining and maintaining political power.

Machiavellianism

The belief that rulers should use cunning and deceit to maintain power for societal stability.

Bruegel, Pieter

Flanders artist (1525-1569) known for depicting biblical scenes and peasant life.

Christian Humanists

Scholars who studied the Bible in original languages for religious reform.

Dürer, Albrecht

(1471-1528) German artist who created paintings, woodcuts, and prints after studying in Italy.

Erasmus, Desiderius

Christian Humanist advocating for personal Bible reading in original languages.

More, Thomas

Christian humanist and author of *Utopia*, promoting education for women and abolition of private property.

Northern Renaissance: