crop rotation	planting of crops in different fields at different times
dividends	payments in return for investment based on a company's profit
double entry bookkeeping	type of accounting where both sides of each transaction is tracked in a ledger
Dutch East India Company	joint stock company formed in 1602 to finance Dutch trade in Asia - paid dividends of 30 percent over 10 years of operation
Alberti, Leon Battista	wrote books in Italian so that a broad range of people would understand them - strongly influenced by Cicero. Wrote On Painting transforms visual arts explaining how to make two dimensional paintings appear 3D. Renowned architect in Florence
Brunelleschi, Filippo	architect of Dome of Florence on the Church of San Lorenzo. Pinnacle of reaching one's potential
Bruni, Leonardo	translated Greek and Latin words and wrote biographies of poets from the 1300s
Castiglione, Baldassare	The Book of the Courtier (1528) example of secular individual behavior for the aristocratic class
Cicero	106 BCE- 43 BCE Roman statesman and orator who wrote Letters to Atticus, which gave insights into political life in classical Rome
city states	self governing communities of the Renaissance era
civic humanist culture	secular models for active, engaged citizenship and eloquent leadership i.e. Cicero
classical era	800 BCE to 500 CE ideas from this time served as basis of Renaissance thought and learning
da Vinci, Leonardo	1452-1519 known for painting, sculpture, natural and scientific experiments
Democracy	government in which people hold power either directly or by electing representatives
Donatello	1386-1466 sculptor of bronze and marble: used classics as inspiration
Ficino, Marsilio	1433-1499 Italian humanist who studied Greek and the works of Plato. Made connections between Plato and Christian theology. Translated Plato's works into Latin
fresco	wall painting using watercolor on wet plaster
geometric perspective	the use of mathematics to help create the appearance of space and distance in two dimensional paintings (aka linear perspective)
Guicciardini, Francesco	(1483-1540) wrote about politics and government from the politicians side
Humanists	Renaissance intellectuals who studied classical civilization and its texts with a focus on human beings and their inherent dignity
Individualism	focus on personal rather that religious or political interests
Medici	prominent Italian banking family
Michelangelo	(1475-1564) renowned Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
naturalism	to imitate nature
New York	becomes NYC in 1664 when taken over by English
Palladio, Andrea	1508-1580 author and sculptor. Most famous for creating buildings using norms from classical architecture using materials available to him
Petrarch	1304-1374, Father of Humanism: Italian poet and scholar. One of the first to search out classical texts and write in the vernacular - for him Italian
Philological	a scholarly method of analyzing texts with a focus on the history of language
Pico della Merandola, Giovanni	"Oration on the Dignity of Man" scholar whose goal was to take philosophical views and blend them
Raphael	1483-1520 Italian painter known for Madonna paintings and Vatican frescoes like The School of Athens
Renaissance	Period from c 1300-1450 "rebirth" renewal of interest in the classical civilization of ancient Greece and Rome
Representative government	governed by elected representatives of the people: i.e. Roman Republic
Secular	worldly; as opposed to a religious perspective
Valla, Lorenzo	a philological scholar who proved that an important Roman Catholic document Donation of Constantine, supposedly written by Constantine in the 4th century was a forgery because the Latin it used was not the Latin an emperor in the 4th century would have used
Machiavelli, Niccolò	studied the works of the Roman historian Livy authored The Prince (1513) how to gain and maintain political power
Machiavellianism	rulers should be willing to use cunning and deceit to keep themselves in power. Doing so provided society with a stable, secure government
Bruegel, Pieter	Flanders 1525-1569 scenes from the Bible and lives of peasants
Christian humanists	studied the Bible in early Greek and Hebrew as well as writings of early Christians to go "back to the source" in a religious reform movement
Dürer, Albrecht	1471-1528 German artist who studied in Italy. created paintings, woodcuts, and prints
Erasmus, Desiderius	Christian Humanist who called for people to read the Bible for themselves, and in their original languages if possible, to understand their true meanings
More, Thomas	Christian humanist, author of Utopia about a perfect society. He argued in favor of education for women and the abolition of private property
Northern Renaissance	late 15th century movement. art focused more on religion than in Italy. Naturalism and scenes from everyday life common
Rembrandt	1606-1669 Baroque artist created bold, dramatic, complex artworks in oil
Van Eyck, Jan	1390-1441 One of the first artists to excel at the new medium of oil painting

Unit 1.1-1.3 Vocab AP Euro