Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Passed in 1996

Patients have control over who is able to access and view their health records

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act

A civil rights law guaranteeing that students with disabilities receive the services they need

FERPA

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

Created in 1974

Also known as the Buckley Amendment

Specifies rights to parents and nonminor students for access to educational records

NVGA

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913 as the first emergence of counseling (vocational counseling)

It is now the National Career Development Association (NCDA)

Minnesota Point of View

Created by E. G. Williamson, considered the one of the first counseling theories

Trait and factor theory

American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)

Created in 1952 under the NVGA (now NCDA) to gain a voice in counseling, it is now the American Counseling Association (ACA)

ASCA

The American School Counselor Association is formed as a division under the APGA in 1952

NDEA

National Defense Education Act

Passed by Congress in 1958 to increase funds in schools to improve curriculum and hire counselors who could identify students excelling in math and science

ARCA

American Rehabilitation Counseling Assocation created in 1958

First code of ethics

Created by the APGA in 1961

Community Mental Health Act

Signed in 1963 by President Johnson which allots money for the creation of mental health centers

AARC

Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling, formerly the Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance (AMEG), was founded in 1965

NECA

The National Employment Counseling Association began in 1966

AMCD

The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) is founded in 1972

ASGW

The Association for Specialists in Group Work is founded in 1973

ASERVIC

The Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling is founded in 1974

IAAOC

The International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors is founded in 1974

Donaldson vs. O'Connor

1975 - Supreme Court case that ended in the decision to deinstitutionalize patients in state mental hospitals; barred mental institutions from committing patients involuntarily if they were not a threat to themselves or others

First state to offer licensure

Virginia - 1976

AMCHA

The American Mental Health Counselors Association is created in 1978

CACREP

The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs is established in 1981

NBCC

The National Board for Certified Counselors starts in 1982

They created the first national examination -- the National Counselor Exam (NCE)

ACEG

The Association for Counselors and Educators in Government is created in 1984

AADA

The Association for Adult Development and Aging is started in 1986

IAMFC

International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors began in 1989

ACCA

The American College Counseling Association began in 1991

ACA

American Counseling Association

Originally the APGA, then the AACD (American Association of Counseling and Development; 1983), then in 1995 is changed to ACA

ALGBTIC

The Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (name change in 2007)

Formerly the Association for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues in Counseling (AGLBIC) founded in 1997

ACC

The Association for Creativity in Counseling is established in 2004

Most recent ethics code

Created in 2005

Has new sections regarding technology, end-of-life care, diagnosing, ending practice, and therapeutic interventions

Final state to offer licensure

California -- 2009

U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)

A civil rights act that protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability.

CAPTA

Child Abuse Prevention Act

Defines child abuse and neglect as "Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm"

CRCC

Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification is a nonprofit founded in 1974 to certify rehabilitation counselors

AHC

The Association for Humanistic Counseling

Formed in 1931

"the heart and conscience of the counseling profession"

Ethical Principles

Autonomy

Nonmaleficence

Beneficence

Justice

Fidelity

Eight Sections of ACA Code of Ethics

A. The Counseling Relationship

B. Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy

C. Professional Responsibility

D. Relationships with Other Professionals

E. Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation

F. Supervision, Training, and Teaching

G. Research and Publication

H. Resolving Ethical Issues

Liability

the legal responsibility of the counselor to act with due care in professional practice

Tort

a legal response to harm against an individual person or property

Unintentional Tort

Intentional Tort

Negligence

when counselors fail to use reasonable care in carrying out their professional duties, resulting in injury to the client (can be sued for this)

Malpractice

when the counselor fails to provide the standard of care expected of them based on credentials, skills and experience (considered professional negligence -- certain professions can be sued)

Defamation

When a counselor ruins someone's reputations through the intentional spreading of falsehoods

1. Libel (written)

2. Slander (spoken)

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California

1974, a case in California that led to Duty to Warn laws (differs among every state)

Counselors could legally be held responsible for failing to take adequate steps to warn third parties about clients who are a serious threat to them

Privileged Communication

legal term that protects certain counselor-client communication in the court systems

Subpoena

legal document that orders a person to appear in court to serve as a witness or to provide the court with certain documents

Emergence of counseling profession

Began in the late 1800s in the form of vocational guidance

Four aspects examined in malpractice or negligence cases

legal duty between plaintiff and defendant; breach of legal duty by the defendant; injury caused to the plaintiff; and causal connection between the defendant's breach of duty and the plaintiff's injury

Psychodynamic

these theories focus on the unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients

Jay Hayley

known for work in strategic and problem solving therapy; known for technique called paradox

Robert Perry

Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students; stresses concept of dualistic thinking (early college students)

Arnold Lazarus

Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.

Cultural Encapsulation

When a counselor imposes goals from his or her culture on people from another culture therefore failing to understand the client's worldview or cultural identity

Cultural identity

the degree to which you identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories

When did cultural competency begin to be discussed in the counseling field?

1960s -- "The Culturally Encapsulated Counselor", written by C. Gilbert Wrenn in 1962 is published

The Cross Nigrescence Model

The first racial identity model created by William Cross, Jr. in the 1970s

Fourth force of counseling

Multiculturalism -- labeled by Paul Pedersen in 1991

Fifth force of counseling

Social Advocacy -- labeled in 2004 by Manivong Ratts and colleagues

Surgeon General's Report 2001

"Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethinicity -- A Supplement to Mental Healthy: A Report of the Surgeon General" is published showing research regarding how race, ethnicity and the subsequent oppression and resiliency influences mental health outcomes

Multicultural Competencies

31 competencies were created by Sue and colleagues (originally 1982, then updated 1992) to introduce counselors to more effective ways to serve clients of color, and is now applied with gender, spirituality, sexual orientations, and SES identities

Tripartite Model of Multicultural Counseling

three components: awareness, knowledge, skill

Etic vs. Emic Perspective

Two perspectives that are considered a continuum

Etic -- viewing clients from a universal perspective

Emic -- using client's approaches that are specific to a client's culture

Types of Nonverbal Communication

High-Context

Low-Context

Paralanguage

Kinesis

Chronemics

Proxemics

High-Context Communication

individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings; nonverbal cues create social harmony

Low-Context Communication

individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings

Paralanguage

Verbal cues other than words

Kinesis

Postures, body movements, and positions

Chronemics

how individuals conceptualize and act toward time

Proxemics

the use of personal physical distance (intimate, personal, social, and public)

Acculturation

process which an individual makes sense of a host culture's value system in relation to his or her own

Four Models of Acculturation

Paniagua (2005)

1. Assimilation Model - identifying solely with new culture

2. Separation Model - refuse to adapt to any culture than their own

3. Integration Model - identifying with both

4. Marginalization Model -rejecting both cultures

Locus of responsibility

what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals (one way individuals guide their behaviors)

Locus of control

the degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment

(EC, external, & IC, internal)

First Worldview Model

Created by Sue 1978

Said individuals guide their behavior based on the intersecting dimensions of locus of responsibility and locus of control

Second World Model

Created by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961)

Contains 5 components that integrate in various cultures to create unique cultural worldviews

5 Components of Second Worldview Model

Human nature

Relationship to nature

Sense of time

Activity

Social Relationships

U.S. Census Bureau Racial Classification

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; census recognizes 165 racial combinations

Colorism

refers to the judgement of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites

Eugenics Movement

A method to monitor a person's inborn characteristics and an attempt to keep the Caucasian race "pure" by directing who could marry and reproduce.

Ethnocentrism

Defining a cultural group's belief that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures

Two delineations of Poverty

Generational Poverty

Situational Poverty

Types of Classism

Modern Classism

Structural Classism

Internalized Classism

Gender Schema Theory

Interprets the "why" behind an individual's placement of genders into certain categories (Sandra Bem)

Chaney & Marszalek (2014)

Four Components of Sexual Identity

Physical Identity

Gender Identity

Social Sex Role Identity

Sexual Orientation Identity

Affectional Orientation

describes sexual minorities because it broadens discussion beyond simple sexual attraction on a physical level

Homophobia vs. Homoprejudice

Phobia deals with the fear and hatred of sexual minorities whereas prejudice comes from the discrimination sexual minorities experience

Seven majors types of religion

Buddhism

Christianity

Confucianism

Hinduism

Islam

Judaism

Taoism

Spiritual Bypass

the avoidance of problematic issues by a person "misusing their spiritual beliefs, practices, or experiences rather than address the struggle at the level at which it occurs"

Three laws in U.S. to defend and protect citizens with disabilities against discrimination

1973 Rehabilitation Act

1990 Americans with Disabilities Act

2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement act

Four foci of Social Justice

Equity

Access

Participation

Harmony

Three levels of oppression

Primary: Obvious acts by both force and deprivation

Secondary: Oppressive acts in which individuals do not get directly involved but from which they may benefit

Tertiary: Minority group members adopting the majority opinion so they fit in

Prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

Five stages of prejudice

Antilocution

Avoidance

Discrimination

Physical Attack

Extermination

Cross Nigrescence Model

African Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness. Five stages:

-Pre-encounter which is when African Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as more desirable

-Encounter - a specific experience the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racia lidentity

-Immersian-Emersian stage-distrust towards Caucasians and prefer to be treated by someone of their own race

-Internalization stage-person has integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices

-Internalization-Commitment - the individual being an advocate for Black issues

Helm's People of Color Racial Identity Development

(POCRID) -- An Adoption of Cross's principles and applied it to all people of color. Five statuses:

-Conformity: individuals of color may embrace racial stereotypes, blaming people of color for their problems

-Dissonance: individuals in this status experience a crisis that increases their awareness that racism exists

-Immersion/Emersion: individuals actively reject White culture and have increased racial pride

-Internalization: individuals increasingly identify with individuals of other oppressed identities and develop on individualized racial self-concept

-Integrative Awareness: Individuals develop a more complex view of all racial groups and work to eliminate all forms of oppression

White Racial Identity Development (WRID)

Developed by Helms, shows the general developmental issue of abandoning their entitlement and privilege. Six statues:

-Contact: Unawareness that racism exists and denies race plays a role in their interactions

-Disintegration: when Whites become uncomfortable with the notion of racial superiority

-Reintegration: the individuals tries to lessen the anxiety experienced previously and demonstrate intolerance and anger toward those of different racial groups

-Pseudo-Independence: an individual addresses conflict by making a superficial commitment to racism issues

-Immersion/Emersion: individuals in this status renew their efforts to address racism and redefine their "Whiteness"

-Autonomy: Whites strive to relinquish some of their White Privilege and dismantle the racial status quo

Racial Interaction Theory

Helms (1995) conceptualized how Whites and people of color might interact and whether or not they are adaptive or maladaptive. Three types:

-Parallel Interactions

-Regressive Interactions

-Progressive Interactions

Hardiman (1994) Model of White Racial Identity Development

How whites integrate their "Whiteness" with other components of their cultural identities. Five stages:

-Naivete: Whites categorizing others by racial groups and receiving and transmitting messages about power and privilege

-Acceptance: belief that there is an equal opportunity for all racial groups, but still holding White values above others

-Resistance: individual experiences conflict and anxiety about their beliefs of equal opportunity

-Redefinition: reflection of Whites' ethnic identity membership

-Internalization: independent of anxieties from previous stages

Downing and Roush (1985) Feminist Identity Development Model

Explains how women come to know themselves in a sexist society. Five Stages:

-Passive Acceptance: women internalizing traditional gender roles

-Revelation: Becoming aware of sexism through an event

-Embeddedness-Emanation: Women developing a support network with other women to deal with negative feelings of the Revelation stage

-Synthesis: integrating evolving feminist principles with other personal and cultural values

-Active Commitment: women advocating for other women and working to eradicate sexism

Hoffman (2006) Feminist Identity Development Model

Gives special attention to concept of gender self-confidence. Four statuses:

-Unexamined Female Identity: acceptance of traditional women's gender roles

-Crisis: becoming aware of societal discrimination in the form of sexism

-Moratorium/Equilibrium: Actively committing to a feminist identity search

-Achieved female identity: synthesis of new feminist identity with other aspects of identity

Gender self confidence

the degree to which individuals define him/herself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views.