Industrialization through the New Deal (copy)

Gilded Age

period from late 1800s-early 1900s in which rich got richer; extremes of wealth & poverty existed

Homestead Act

offered 160 acres of land to settlers to encourage development of Great Plains

Dawes Act

sought to Americanize/assimilate Native Americans into mainstream culture by granting land to heads of household

Indian Wars

1850s-1890--Gold Rush, building of RRs, & discovery of rich farmland W. of MS River led to clashes as whites moved onto Native American lands; ended with Battle at Wounded Knee & Native Americans were forced onto reservations

Granger Movement

1870s-1880s - Farmers tried to fight back against abuses of RR co. who were charging them high shipping rates

Populist Movement

1890s - coalition of farming interests that sought relief from high RR shipping rates, high interest rates charged by banks; farmers were struggling b/c of overproduction & needed help; suggested bimetallism, direct election of Senators, gov't regulation of RRs, graduated income tax

William Jennings Bryan

Democrat who was endorsed by the Populist Party in the Election of 1896; supported free coinage of silver/bimetallism to provide relief to farmers

Robber Barons

industrialists of late 19th century who believed in social Darwinism & laissez faire capitalism; used ruthless tactics to maximize profit (monopolies, trusts)

Results of Industrialization

1865-1900 - urbanization, expanding job market & desire for cheap labor led to increased immigration

Political Machines

groups that took control of city gov'ts through graft; used patronage, bribes, kickbacks, & voter fraud; offered help to immigrants in exchange for their votes

Henry Ford

revolutionized the auto industry; invented assembly line which allowed for mass production; mass production helps make goods more affordable

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

union led by Samuel Gompers that fought for "bread and butter" issues--better wages, hours, & working conditions; pushed for collective bargaining rights

Barriers Faced by Unions in late 19th Century

federal gov't used troops to put down strikes, Court issued injunctions ending strikes, & employers used blacklists & yellow dog contracts

Nativism

belief that Anglo-Saxon Protestants were superior--disliked Catholics who they feared would obey the Pope 1st, resented Jews, saw immigrants as job competition

Immigration Restrictions from Asia

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) & Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

Red Scare & Actions by Fed. Gov't

success of Bolshevik Revolution & workers' strikes made gov't fear communism & socialist revolution--led to immigration laws setting quotas, Palmer Raids, execution of Sacco & Vanzetti

Progressive Movement

1890s-1920 - movement seeking to correct the negative effects of industrialization & urbanization

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

caught fire in 1911 & led to deaths of approx. 150 women--helped build momentum for better working conditions & safety standards in buildings

Muckrakers

journalists, writers, artists, photographers who helped bring issues to the public's attention leading to pressure on gov't to pass reforms

Leading muckrakers & their works

Upton Sinclair - The Jungle; Thomas Nast & cartoons on Boss Tweed; Lincoln Steffens - The Shame of the Cities; Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives; Ida Tarbell - History of Standard Oil; Frank Norris - The Octopus

Jane Addams

began settlement house movement to help urban poor (community centers); founder of Hull House

Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal": Key Components

consumer protection - Pure Food & Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act; trustbusting - went after "bad" trusts in Court; regulation of interstate trade; improve labor conditions; conservation - creation of National Parks

Temperance Movement

movement led by Women's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU) to ban alcohol--helped lead to 18th Amendment

Ways to Increase Democracy Promoted by Bull Moose/Progressive Party

primary elections, initiative, referendum, recall elections, direct election of Senators (17th Amendment was later ratified)

Impact of Spanish-American War

US entered war largely b/c of "yellow journalism" (explosion of U.S.S. Maine); US became a world/imperial power & gained Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, & Cuba became a protectorate

Panama Canal

after Panamanian rebellion, US gained rights to build a canal that would connect the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans & increase the flow of trade & military ships

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

US would use police force if need be to ensure Europe did not interfere in Latin America; "Big Stick" Policy

Open Door Policy

all nations would have fair access to trade with China

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft promoted the use of economic aid to ensure continued US domination of Latin America

Reasons for US Entry into WWI

desire to maintain freedom of the seas--German U-boat attacks; Zimmerman telegram, Russian Revolution made it seem like democracy would happen in Russia (who would be an ally)

Schenck v. United States

Schenck was convicted for violating Espionage & Sedition Acts by urging resistance to the selective service system; 1st Amendment can be limited in war (presented "clear & present danger")

Reasons for Senate's Rejection of Treaty of Versailles

risk to US sovereignty if it joined the League of Nations; would no longer be able to be isolationist

Normalcy

approach of Harding & Coolidge--return to isolationism & laissez faire approach to economy

Roaring 20s

period of rebellious attitudes in the US--flappers challenged conventions regarding women's behavior; bootleggers & speakeasies came about in response to 18th Amendment

Harlem Renaissance

cultural movement in 1920s that expressed pride in African American culture & identity; "Jazz Age" ushered in by Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington

Great Migration

period from 1910-1930 & again in 1940s when African Americans left the South in search of a better life & factory jobs that were available up North

Scopes Trial

evidence of clash between tradition & science/modern era during the 1920s; Scopes violated state law prohibiting the teaching of evolution--conservatives wished to hold onto creationism

Causes of the Great Depression

overproduction by farmers, stock market speculation & buying on margin, availability of credit, unequal distribution of income throughout the population

19th Amendment

women's suffrage--was ratified in 1920 in response to women's contributions to WWI

Federal Reserve System

created under President Wilson to regulate the money supply; sets interest rates

Rugged Individualism

Hoover's response to the Great Depression--people should exercise individual initiative & then if they still need help they should go to charities; Hoover also believed in "trickle down economics"--invest in big business & then benefits will trickle down to the rest

Dust Bowl

loss of topsoil from drought & overproduction led to giant dust storms across the Great Plains; led many to migrate to CA

FDR's New Deal: Key Components

belief that fed. gov't should take on a welfare role; would provide "Relief," "Recovery," & "Reform"--cash payments, jobs, bank holiday, labor regulations, subsidies for farmers, ways to oversee banks & stock market

FDR's Court Packing Plan

the Court overturned a few New Deal programs as a violation of Constitution--FDR took on legislative power & tried to regulate intrastate commerce; FDR wished to have a friendlier Court & wanted to add a new justice for every justice over age 70--would have violated separation of powers & checks & balances

Wagner Act & Fair Labor Standards Act

passed to help guarantee unions had collective bargaining rights & fair wages & working conditions

FDIC & SEC

these agencies insure deposits made into banks & regulate the stock market, respectively

Social Security

old age & disability insurance; entitlement program that makes up a vast part of the federal budget now that "Baby Boomers" are able to collect it