Chapter 16 Native American INFO

Mestizos

People of mixed race

Chief Joseph

Leader of the Nez Perce that Urged his followers to flee from the american troops. He Caused them to scatter in several directions and became part of a remarkable chase.Moved with more than 500 people (men, women, children, and elders) to Canada and take refuge with the Sioux. Evaded the army time and time again. Caught short of the Canadian boundary. Some were able to escape and slipped across the border but Joseph and most of his followers were discouraged and gave up. Gave a speech saying how sad and tired he was. Surrendered to Miles in exchange for a promise that his band could return to the Nez Perce reservation in Idaho but the government refused.

Mangas Colorados

Chief of the Chiricahua apaches. He was murdered during the civil war by white soldiers who tricked him into surrendering

Wovoka

Prophet that led many native americans into a religious revival. Inspired a spiritual awakening that began in Nevada and spread quickly. Emphasized the coming of a messiah and an emotional "Ghost Dance" which inspired ecstatic visions.

Paiute

a group of non-contiguous indigenous people.

Wounded Knee

The seventh cavalry tries to round up a group of sioux here that were starving and cold.A fight broke out where 40 white soldiers died and more than 300 native americans died. Turned into a one sided massacre when the white soldiers turned their revolving cannons on the native americans and mowed them down in the snow.

Pueblos

The term is used to describe the area in which a certain group of people (indigenous people) took residency. They established permanent settlements while practicing irrigation. They began an alliance with the mexican settlers against the apaches, navajos, and comanches of the region.

Genizaros

Native Americans that weren't part of a tribe but were apart of spanish society.

Plains "Indians"

A diverse, aggressive group of native americans. They were different from one another, some being farmers and others being harsh hunters. The one trait they had in common was that their culture is based on their relationship with family and nature.

Tribes/Bands

Bands are subdivided tribes. They split thousands of people into groups of 500 men and women. They had their own governing council and decision making process where they made important decisions. Women were often put into more domestic roles while men were hunters and traders. They practiced religion centered on a belief in the spiritual power of the natural world (plants and animals).

Sioux/Eastern Sioux/Western Sioux

One of the most powerful nations in the missouri river valley after they had begun expanding. They depended heavily on hunting buffalo. They had a powerful alliance with the cheyenne and arapaho.

Taos

Native Americans that rebelled against the anglo-american society coming to New Mexico after Kearny. They killed the new governor and a few officials. They were subdued by the u.s army and caused New Mexico to remain under military rule for three years.

Blackfeet

Native american nation. They began killing large numbers of buffalo to sell in the booming market that contributed to buffalo dying.

Little Crow

Leader of the eastern Sioux in Minnesota that led rebellions against white people. 38 native americans were hung and the sioux were exiled to the Dakota's similar to a lot of other native americans

Black Kettle

Led an arapaho and cheyenne band. He camped near fort lyon on sand creek in november after the invitation by the government to congregate at army posts for protection before the army began its campaign. While he was camping out he believed he was under protection. Later, his troops were killed by Chivington and his group. He was able to escape the massacre but was caught a few years later.

Crazy Horse

Led a band of native american warriors to defend themselves against the white settlers who were forcing native americans to return back to their settlements after the dakota territory was being penetrated. Assembled the largest native american army assembled at one time. Proud leader and accepted defeat at the monotony of life on reservations. He was later killed by reservation police after being tricked or taunted into a last pathetic show of resistance.

Sitting Bull

Led a band of native american warriors to defend themselves against the white settlers who were forcing native americans to return back to their settlements after the dakota territory was being penetrated. Proud leader and accepted defeat at the monotony of life on reservations. He was killed by reservation police after being tricked or taunted into a last pathetic show of resistance. Didn’t do as much as the other one (only saying because they are very similar)

Nez Perce

Small and peaceful tribe. The government forced them to move into a reservation that another branch of the Nez perce had accepted by treaty in 1850 after pressure from white settlers. Began the journey of the reservation; While on the journey some of the members were drunk and angry and killed four white settlers.Under their Chief Joseph's command they escaped to the Canada boundary. They were eventually caught and many were discouraged and forced to surrender.

Chiricahua Apaches

Last native americans to maintain and organized resistance against white forces. They fought every now again (not steady) for more than 2 years. The first two leaders (Mangas Coloradas and Cochise) died so when Geronimo became leader he refused to surrender and continued to fight. The number of them decreased as the fighting continued. Geronimo decided to surrender because of how many were dying and it marked the end of the war. Apache wars were the most violent of all the conflicts because of how desperate they were

Cochise

Chief of the chiricahua apaches.Agreed to peace in exchange for a reservation that included some of the apaches traditional land and then he died.

Geronimo

Successor of cochise. Unwilling to bow to white pressures to assimilate (continued to fight). He established many bases and recognized the odds were not in their favor and decided to surrender.