AP World History - Unit 2: Networks of Trade (copy)

Burghers

Merchants in towns who became politically powerful during the Middle Ages.

Hanseatic League

A trade alliance formed in 1358 through Northern Europe that aimed to drive toward nationhood and increase social mobility.

Romanesque

An architectural style characterized by semi-circular arches and robust structure, prevalent before the Gothic style.

Gothic architecture

A style of architecture known for its flying buttresses, tall windows, and vaulted ceilings, especially seen in cathedrals.

Scholasticism

A medieval school of thought that emphasized critical thought and the synthesis of Christian theology with classical philosophy.

Crusades

Military campaigns initiated by European Christians from the 11th to the 14th century aimed at converting Muslims and non-Christians.

Heresies

Religious practices or beliefs that deviate from traditional church doctrine.

Inquisition

A formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics by the church, often involving severe punishments.

Thomas Aquinas

A 13th-century Christian theologian who reconciled faith and reason in his philosophical works.

Mansa Musa

The Malian ruler known for expanding his kingdom and building the city of Timbuktu.

Golden Horde

The Mongol Empire's western khanate that conquered parts of modern-day Russia.

Cultural diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another, often facilitated by trade.

Bubonic Plague

A devastating pandemic that originated in Asia, spread via trade routes, and killed about one-third of Europe's population.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful trading empire in Africa from the 11th to the 15th centuries, known for its trade networks.

Silk Road

A series of trade routes connecting China to the Mediterranean, significant for cultural exchange and commerce.

Xuanzang

A Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India during the Tang Dynasty to study Buddhism.

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled through Asia to China and later returned to Europe.

Ibn Battuta

A Moroccan Islamic traveler who journeyed across the Islamic world from North Africa to India and China.

Paper currency

A form of money that emerged in the Islamic world, greatly facilitating trade.

Mechanical pendulum clock

An innovative timekeeping device developed in Europe that improved accuracy in measuring time.