diseases of white cells and lymphoid tissue

What is the normal WBC count?

6,000–11,000/mm³

What percentage of WBCs are typically neutrophils?

About 66% (2/3).

Name the stages of neutrophil maturation.

Myeloblast → Promyelocyte → Myelocyte → Metamyelocyte → Band → Mature neutrophil.

What is Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A benign condition where neutrophils look like bands.

What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A genetic disorder with large neutrophil granules and impaired bacterial digestion.

What are the two main causes of neutropenia?

Inadequate production and increased destruction.

What WBC count range is considered dangerous in neutropenia?

500–1000/mm³.

What causes neutrophilia?

Bacterial infections and tissue necrosis.

What are Dӧhle bodies?

ER remnants in neutrophils seen during infection.

What causes eosinophilia?

Allergies and parasitic infections.

What is the hallmark of myeloproliferative disorders?

Overproduction of all marrow cell lines.

What genetic abnormality is seen in CML?

Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL fusion).

What defines acute leukemia?

>20% blasts in bone marrow.

Which leukemia is most common in children?

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

What leukemia shows sustained lymphocytosis in adults?

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

What is required to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma?

Reed-Sternberg cells

What are the "B symptoms" in lymphoma?

Fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

What staging system is used for Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

I–IV with A/B subtypes (e.g., IIIA, IIB).

What protein is found in urine in multiple myeloma?

Bence-Jones protein.

What type of immunoglobulin spike is most common in MM?

IgG > IgA.

What is MGUS?

Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, a benign condition.

What is sinus histiocytosis?

Prominent medullary sinuses in chronic lymphadenitis.

What are the causes of splenomegaly?

Infections, portal hypertension, lymphoid malignancies, storage diseases.

What is the thymus’ main function?

Maturation of T cells.

What is a thymoma?

A tumor of the thymus; can be benign or malignant.