Bio260 Unit 3 Resource 2. Water & Salt Physiology in Animals (new ver)

How do plants conserve water?

• ____ adaptations

  • _____ leaves (____ SA)

  • _____ leaves (____ stomata)

  • ____ leaves (____ exposure of stomata to air)

• ____ waxy cuticle

• controlling _____ opening and closing

• stomata in pits: stomata surr by ____ trap _____ vapor and ____ transpiration

• CAM and C4 physiology: open _____ at _____ to reduce water loss

• ____ growth

• grow roots _____ to access more water

• leaf

  • reduced, less

  • smaller, fewer

  • rolled, less

• thick

• stomata

• hairs, water, reduce

• stomata, night

• root

• deep

How do plants get rid of waste?

• store the substance in some plant tissue that is ____ (___, _____, ______)

• diffusion of ____ and _____ out of stomata & by _____ (root pressure)

• _____ _____ (waste) also serves as important mech to ______

  • converts them to _____, _____ them in vacuoles of ____, _____ and _____ which will be shed later

• shed, leaves, fruit, bark

• gas, water, guttation

• mineral salts, osmoregulation

  • crystals, stores, leaves, fruit, bark

What type of wastes do plants produce?

• photosynthetic wastes: ______ and _____, prod of photosynthesis

• respiratory wastes: _____ and _____, prod of respiration

• water is lost thru ________ or used to maintain _____ in cell

• organic acids formed as byprod of ______

  • abun in leaves & fruits, ____ acid in lemons & limes, _____ acid in tamarind

• _____ and ____ (nonvolatile) stored in the old ____ which is excreted via ____, _____ or _____ that is shed

  • gum made by decomp of ____ in cell wall

• oxygen, water

• CO2, water

• transpiration, turgor

• respiration

  • citric, tartaric

• gim, resin, xylem, bark, leaves, stems

  • cellulose

Additional excretory products - Essential oils

• ____ oils are volatile oils present in fruits and flowers

  • made by _______ ______

• essential

  • glandular trichomes

Additional excretory products - Tannin

• secondary _______ that serves as a ______ against herbivores

  • stored in ____/______ ____

• metabolite, protection

  • vac/surface wax

Additional excretory products - Latex

• white _____ ______ of proteins

  • stored in _____ cells

• milky emulsion

  • specialized

Additional excretory products - alkaloids

• are ______ waste products

  • _____, _____, ______, ______

  • stored in central ______ or in ____ cells

• nitrogenous

  • nicotine, caffeine, morphine, cocaine

  • vacuole, special

Freshwater Animals vs Other Animals in Water Conservation

• freshwater

  • adaptations that ____ water _____ and conserves ____

• terrestrial & marine

  • face _______ env with the potential to quickly _______ the body water

• (nothing)

  • reduce, uptake, solutes

• (nothing)

  • dessicate, deplete

Marine mammals in water uptake

• have strongly ______ urine

• blood is ______ to sea water

• _____ _____ drink sea water

• breath air so _____ expose resp surface to salt water

• hypertonic

• hypertonic

• do NOT

• doesn’t

How do marine animals gain and lose water and salt?

• gain water thru _____ and _____ food, lose thru ______, ____, _____, and ____

• gain salts thru _____ of food and lose salts thru _____ urine, ___, and ____

• metabolism, ingesting, respiration, milk, feces, urine

• ingestion, hypertonic, milk, feces

Osmoreg of mammals in freshwater

• blood is _______ to freshwater

  • problems: passively gain water by _____ & lose ion/electrolytes by _____

  • solutions: _____ drink water, make lots of _____, & add _____ by diet and ____ transport

• hypertonic

  • osmosis, diffusion

  • don’t, urine, electrolytes, active

Osmoreg of mammals on land

• problems: lose water by ___ & ____, lose ion/elelctrolytes by ____

• solutions: drink water, reg _____ production, add ______ by diet

• land animals manage water budgets by drinking and eating ____ foods by using ______ water and managing water ____

• evap, urine, urine

• urine, electrolytes

• moist, metabolic, loss

Some Characteristics of Desert Animals

• ____ body size → better for ____ _____/_______

• all species of large herbivores req considerable amounts of _____ water

• camels ______ water well

  • _____ ______ keep their brains _____ even when the rest of the body rises in temp

  • ____, _____ coat

  • can produce ___ feces and very ________ _____

  • ______ heat loss/gain behaviorally

  • ____ tolerance for dehydration

• large, water loss/retention

• external

• conserve

  • counter current, cool

  • thick, glossy

  • dry, concentrated urine

  • minimize

  • high

Seed eating mammals in desert

• live in deserts without needing to _____

• depend on _____ selection of ______

• supplement diets w/ _____ rich diet (insects)

• counter current exchange in _____ passages

• long loops of ____ that allow a very ______ ____ to ____ concentration

• even dried seeds contain some _____

• drink

• behavior, microhabitats

• water

• nasal

• Henle, hypertonic urine, blood

• water

Sources of water in terrestrial animals - metabolic water

• made by processing of ____ & ______

• generally _____ + ____ + ___ + chem energy + heat

• (do we need to know averages on slide 44)

• lipid, carbohydrates

• nutrients, o2, co2, h2o

Metabolic water production

• ______ produces water

• ______ uses water and creates an obligatory _____ ____

• more important in animals that _____ _____ effectively

  • ____ food → ____ amount of metabolic water

• catabolism

• anabolism, water loss

• conserve water

  • any, same

Different things that cause water loss

• catabolism

• urine

• respiration

• feces

• evaporation

• other

  • breat feeding

  • diet

  • nitrogenous waste

Obligatory water loss in urine

• mandated by _____/_____ of food

• _____ _____usually has highest

• Waste excretion → water excretion

• can be reduced by making _______ ______/by making poorly ____ ______ end prod

• only 3 groups can make urine _______ to their blood

  • _____

  • _____

  • _____

• ingestion/catabolism

• protein catabolism

• (nothing)

• concentrated urine, soluble nitrogenous

• hyperosmotic

  • insects

  • birds

  • mammals

Obligatory respiratory water loss

• amount of water that is ___ in order to obtain __ _______

• ______ across the respiratory surface

• lost, O2 catabolism

• evaporation

Land and water problems

• terrestrial animals have resp surfaces directly exposed to ___

  • most have evolved invaginated resp surfaces w/ integument _____ to ____ and ______

• air

  • impermeable, O2, CO2

How is water conserved in the respiratory system?

• by having an _____ respiratory surface

• ______ of exhaled air using ______ passages

  • by ______ ______ exchange mechanisms

• external

• cooling, nasal

  • counter current

What does respiratory evaporative water loss depend on?

• its _____ rate (__ consumption)

• amount of water ____ per unit of _____ consumed

  • may be _____ by ________ ______ in the nasal exhalant air

• rate of water loss thru ______ = to the rate of _____ consumption times the water ___ per unit of oxygen _____

• metabolic, O2

• lost, oxygen

  • reduced, counter current

• respiration, oxygen, loss, consumed

Obligatory fecal water loss

• water loss in feces due to catabolism of ingested food

Water loss across the integument (skin)

• terrestrial animals show varying degrees of skin ______ to water ___

• w/i a group, the ____ amount of water loss is an _____ function to body size

• low rates of evap water → have advantages of law integumentary ______ to water, tightly controlled access of air to ________ _____, ____ metabolic rates

• _____ integumentary permeability to water is a key to _____ evap water loss on land

• permeability, loss

• total, allometric

• permeability, breathing organs, low

• low, reducing

Integument water loss in mammals, birds, and nonavian reptiles

• layers of complexes of ____ and _____ in the ______ layer of the _____

• often assoc w/ ___ ______ to further reduce ____ loss

• some species have _____ _____ for ______

• lipids, keratin, outermost, epidermis

• oil glands, water

• sweat glands, thermoreg

Other avenues of water loss

• _____

  • _____ rich foods can be ______ for terrestrial animals

  • even air-dried foods can contain ____

• ______ waste: processing req water for ____

• _____ prod in lactating females

• diet

  • protein, dehydrating

  • water

• nitrogenous, lysis

• milk

Body fluids in animals

• 2 principle types of body fluids and 4 body fluid compartments

  • intracell: inside

  • extracell: outside

    • ______ fluid: ___ cells

    • ______ _____

    • _____

• (nothing)

  • interstitial, b/w

  • blood plasma

  • lymph

Blood plasma in animals

• usually higher [______] than ______ fluid

• in humans, the BP is abt 3.3 kPa or 1.5mOsm, ___ than the _____ that of the interstitial fluid

• protein, interstitial

• higher, osmotic

Interstitial fluid

• can be affected by 2 types of capillaries in the tissues

• ______ capillaries

• ______ capillaries

• ______ capillaries

• (nothing)

• continuous

• fenestrated

• sinusoidal

Continuous capillaries

• ________ lining

• only allow _____ molec, such as ____ and ions to diffuse thru ____ ___

• uninterrupted

• smaller, water, tight junctions

Fenestrated capillaries

• have pores in the _____ cells

• some are _____ by a diaphragm that allow _____ molec and _____ amount of _____ to diffuse

• in the _____ ______, there are cells w/ no diaphragms (_____) food processes that have slit pores

• both types of blood vessels have cont _____ ______ and are primarily located in the ______ glands, ______, ______, and _____ of kidney

• endothelial

• spanned, small, limited, proteins

• renal glomerulus, podocytes

• basal lamina, endocrine, intestines, pancreas, glomeruli, kidney

Sinusoidal capillaries

• special type of _______ capillaries that have ______ openings in ______

• allow ___ and _____ BC and various ______ _____ to pass aided by discon basal lamina

• located in ____ _____, _____ ______, and ______ _____, ____and _____

• fenestrated, larger, endothelium

• red, white, serum proteins

• bone marrow, lymph nodes, adrenal gland, liver, spleen

What are the 3 types of regulation of the composition of the blood plasma are possible?

• osmotic regulation

• ionic regulation

• volume regulation

What is osmoregulation?

• active regulation of osomtic pressure

What is ionic regulation?

• maintenance of a relatively constant [inorganic ion] in the blood plasma

• each ion has specific physiological controls

What is volume regulation?

• regulation of the _____ amount of _____ in body fluids

• influx of water into an animals body has 3 simultaneous effects

  • it will _____ the _____ pressure of the _____ _____

  • it will ____ ions in the ______ ______

  • it will _____ the volume of the _____ ____

• many cells alter their content of _____ molecules to achieve cell-volume regulation

• total, water

• lower, osmotic, blood plasma

• dilute, blood plasma

• increase, blood plasma

• organic

What does volume regulation apply to?

• _______ & ______ fluids

• volume conformity

  • completely _____ changes in ____-____ volume

  • driven by _____

• interstitial, intracellular

• passive, body-fluid

• osmosis

What are the fundamental principles of cell-volume regulation?

• cell is moved into a more _____ solution → _____ w/ water → cell _____ its contents to restore origin volume

• cell is moved into a more _____ solution → _____ water and ______→ cell must _____ its content to restore the origin volume

• dilute, swells, reduces

• concentrated, loses, shrinks, increase

What is osmolarity?

• ______ _____ of a solution

• determines mvmt of water across a _____ _____ mem

• if 2 solutions are ___-_____ → mvmt of water is _____ in _____ directions

• if 2 solutions differ in osmolarity → net flow of water is from _____ to ________ solution

• solute concentration

• selectively permeable

• iso-osmotic, equal, both

• hypo-osmotic, hyper-osmotic

What is hypertonic solution?

• ____ concentration of solution is _____than cell

• _____ dissolved particles _____ than _____ of cell

• water ______ ____ of ___ into the ______

• cell ______

• solute, higher

• more, outside, inside

• moves out, cell, solution

• shrinks

What is hypotonic solution?

• _____ concentration of solution _____ than cell

• hypo = _____ dissolved particles

• water _____ _____ ____ from _____

• cell _____ and may _____

• solute, lower

• less

• moves into cell, solution

• expands, burst