chem 1204 test 2 set 2

Lipids

Biomolecules defined by their solubility in nonpolar solvents, involved in energy storage and various cellular functions.

Ester Formation

The reaction in which a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester.

Carboxylic Acids

Organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group (-COOH); they can dissociate to form carboxylate anions.

Triacylglycerides

Common form of lipids made of glycerol bound to three fatty acids; also known as triglycerides.

Soap

A molecule with both polar and nonpolar ends, formed from the hydrolysis of triglycerides in a base.

Phospholipids

Molecules that have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group; fundamental components of cell membranes.

Steroids

Lipid molecules characterized by a four fused ring structure; cholesterol is a well-known example.

Arachidonic Acid

A fatty acid that serves as a precursor for prostaglandins and is involved in inflammation and pain signaling.

Prostaglandins

Bioactive lipids derived from arachidonic acid that have various effects, including influencing blood pressure and inducing inflammation.

Active Transport

The process of moving chemicals across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Facilitated Diffusion

Process by which polar or large molecules move across a membrane through protein channels from high concentration to low concentration without energy.

Surfactant

A substance that decreases surface tension in liquids, crucial for lung function in newborns.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids found in fish oils; associated with reduced risk of blood clot formation.

Hydrolyzable Lipids

Lipids that can be broken down by hydrolysis into their constituent fatty acids and other components.

Cholesterol

A non-essential steroid lipid found in cell membranes, precursor for steroid hormones and bile salts.

Glycerophospholipids

A type of phospholipid with a glycerol backbone, important for the structure of cell membranes.

Sphingolipids

A class of lipids containing sphingosine as a backbone, often found in brain tissue and involved in signaling.

Hydrophobic Compounds

Molecules that do not mix well with water; they are typically nonpolar.

Hydrophilic Compounds

Molecules that interact well with water; they are typically polar.

Endocytosis

The process of internalizing substances into a cell by enclosing them in vesicles.

Exocytosis

The process of expelling substances from a cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.

Nonpolar Tail

The hydrophobic part of a soap molecule, typically consisting of long hydrocarbon chains.

Polar Head Group

The hydrophilic part of a soap molecule that interacts with water.

Fatty Acids

Carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains; they can be saturated or unsaturated.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain, typically solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain, often liquid at room temperature.

Micelles

Structures formed by soaps in water, where the nonpolar tails face inward and polar heads face outward.

Lipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the core of cell membranes.

Trans Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acids that are artificially created during hydrogenation, linked to negative health effects.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A fundamental structure of cell membranes composed of two layers of phospholipids.

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Adipocytes

Cells that store fat in the body, primarily found in adipose tissue.

Energy Storage

Function of lipids, serving as concentrated energy reserves in biological systems.

Fatty Acid Composition

The specific arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms in fatty acids, influencing their characteristics and functions.

Lipid Metabolism

The biochemical pathways through which lipids are synthesized and degraded in the body.

Bile Salts

Derivatives of cholesterol that assist in the digestion and absorption of lipids in the intestine.

Lipid Solubility

The ability of a lipid to dissolve in nonpolar solvents, essential for its biological functions.

Ketogenic Diet

A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that induces ketosis, changing the body's primary energy source from glucose to fats.

Cardiovascular Health

The overall health of the heart and blood vessels, influenced by lipid levels, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet, such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Lipoproteins

Particles that transport lipids through the bloodstream; include HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein).

Lipid Rafts

Microdomains within cell membranes rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, involved in cell signaling.

Fatty Acid Oxidation

The metabolic process of breaking down fatty acids to produce energy.

Lipid Profile

A blood test that measures the levels of various types of lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, to assess cardiovascular health.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The model describing the structure of cell membranes, emphasizing the dynamic arrangement of lipids and proteins.

Lipid Peroxidation

The oxidative degradation of lipids, which can lead to cell damage and is associated with various diseases.

Chylomicrons

Lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and contain no double bonds, while unsaturated fats are liquid and contain one or more double bonds.

Triglyceride Storage

The primary form of stored energy in adipocytes, composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids that play a crucial role in brain function and normal growth and development.

Cardiolipin

A unique phospholipid that is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, important for energy production.

Biosynthesis of Lipids

The complex biochemical pathways that produce lipids from simpler molecules, crucial for cell membrane formation and energy storage.

Atherogenic Lipoproteins

Types of lipoproteins, mainly LDL, that are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

Glycolipids

Lipids that have a carbohydrate attached, important for cell recognition and signaling.

Peroxidation

The process of oxidative degradation of lipids, which can lead to cell damage.

Fatty Acid Length

The number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain, influencing its physical and chemical properties.

Nutrient Transport

The process by which lipids and other nutrients are moved throughout the body via lipoproteins.

Transesterification

A chemical reaction used to produce biodiesel, involving the conversion of triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters.

Sphingomyelin

A type of sphingolipid, important in cell membranes, particularly in nerve tissue.

Atherosclerosis

A condition characterized by the buildup of lipids in the arterial walls, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Non-Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be obtained from food.

Cholesterol Transport

The movement of cholesterol through the bloodstream, facilitated by lipoproteins.

Lipid Signaling Molecules

Bioactive lipids that act as signaling molecules in various biological processes.

Dietary Lipids

Lipids consumed in food, including fats, oils, and cholesterol, that are essential for health.

Insulin Resistance and Lipids

A condition where cells fail to respond to insulin properly, often linked to high levels of certain lipids in the blood.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.

Peptide Bonds

Covalent bonds formed between amino acids in a protein, linking the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.

Protein Denaturation

The process in which proteins lose their three-dimensional structure due to external factors, impacting their function.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, speeding up reactions without being consumed.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction where two molecules bond together with the removal of water, often forming complex macromolecules.

Hydrolysis

A reaction involving the breaking down of compounds by the addition of water, commonly seen in the digestion of carbohydrates and lipids.

Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids

The metabolic process where acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are used to synthesize fatty acids in the cytoplasm.

Lipogenesis

The metabolic formation of fat; the process of converting excess carbohydrates into fatty acids and triglycerides.

Ketosis

A metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the body, usually due to a low carbohydrate intake.

Lipid Digestion

The breakdown of dietary lipids in the digestive system, primarily occurring in the small intestine with the help of bile salts.

Fatty Acid Saturation

A classification of fatty acids based on the presence of double bonds; saturated fats contain no double bonds, while unsaturated fats have one or more.

Lipid Hydrolysis

The process by which lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol through the addition of water.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with fewer than 6 carbon atoms, often produced by the fermentation of dietary fiber in the gut.

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with 6 to 12 carbon atoms, absorbed more quickly than long-chain fatty acids and commonly found in coconut oil.

Long-Chain Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with 13 or more carbon atoms, typically found in animal fats and certain plant oils.

Cholesterol Esterification

The process in which cholesterol is converted into cholesterol esters for storage and transport in lipoproteins.

Fatty Acid Profiles

The specific types and quantities of fatty acids present in a particular lipid, impacting its nutritional and functional properties.

Trans Fatty Acid Formation

The process of creating trans fats through hydrogenation, involving the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids.

Lipid Mobilization

The process of breaking down stored lipids into fatty acids and glycerol for energy production.

Phospholipid Functions

Key roles in membrane structure, signaling pathways, and as emulsifiers in biological systems.

Biosynthesis of Triglycerides

The metabolic pathway that synthesizes triglycerides from glycerol and fatty acids for energy storage.

Lipolysis

The metabolic process of breaking down lipids, specifically triglycerides, into glycerol and free fatty acids for energy production.

Essential Fatty Acids Deficiency

The health consequences that arise from a lack of essential fatty acids in the diet, leading to skin issues and impaired immune function.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Sources

Natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids include fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, which are important for heart health.

Fatty Acid Binding Proteins

Proteins that facilitate the transport and metabolism of fatty acids within cells, playing crucial roles in lipid homeostasis.

Lipid Storage Disorders

Genetic conditions characterized by abnormal lipid storage in the body, often leading to various metabolic complications.

Arachidonic Acid Function

Arachidonic acid plays a significant role in the production of inflammatory mediators and is integral to cellular signaling.

N-3 and N-6 Fatty Acids Ratio

The balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet, which affects inflammation and overall health.

Fatty Acid Metabolism Disorders

Category of metabolic conditions that impair the body's ability to oxidize fatty acids effectively.

Biosynthesis of Cholesterol

The metabolic pathway that synthesizes cholesterol from acetyl-CoA, essential for maintaining cellular function.

Triacylglycerol Role in Energy

Triacylglycerols serve as the primary form of stored energy in adipose tissue, essential for energy balance.

Dietary Fat Role

Fats in the diet provide energy, facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and contribute to cell structure.

Lipid Absorption

The process by which dietary lipids are absorbed in the intestine, involving emulsification and enzymatic digestion.

Phospholipid Structure

Phospholipids consist of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group, forming the basis of cellular membranes.

Lipid Function in Signaling

Lipids act as signaling molecules that participate in various physiological processes, including inflammation and cell communication.