PSYC 255 Chapter 11

The _____ control(s) the force of a movement, whereas the _____ control(s) the timing and accuracy of the movement. A) motor cortex; basal ganglia B) basal ganglia; motor cortex C) basal ganglia; cerebellum D) cerebellum; basal ganglia

C) basal ganglia; cerebellum

Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements? A) frontal lobe B) hippocampus C) basal ganglia D) cerebellum

A) frontal lobe

The arms are controlled by motor neurons in the _____ levels of the spinal cord, whereas the legs are controlled by motor neurons in the _____ levels of the spinal cord. A) cervical; thoracic B) lumbar; sacral C) cervical; lumbar D) thoracic; lumbar

C) cervical; lumbar

Signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord are transmitted via cortical layer(s): A) 1 to 3. B) 2 to 4. C) 4. D) 5 to 6.

D) 5 to 6.

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for: A) planning movements. B) organizing movement sequences. C) producing specific movements. D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.

A) planning movements.

The premotor cortex is responsible for: A) planning movements. B) producing specific movements. C) producing movement sequences. D) inhibiting spontaneous movements

C) producing movement sequences.

The primary motor cortex is responsible for: A) planning movements. B) organizing movement sequences. C) producing specific movements. D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.

C) producing specific movements.

In a person performing a sequence of finger movements, cerebral blood flow increases in the: A) primary motor cortex. B) temporal cortex. C) premotor cortex. D) cingulate cortex.

C) premotor cortex.

The decision to set your alarm an hour early so you won't be late for your exam is made in the: A) prefrontal cortex. B) primary motor cortex. C) premotor cortex. D) basal ganglia.

A) prefrontal cortex.

Coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the: A) primary motor cortex. B) premotor cortex. C) prefrontal cortex. D) cerebellum.

B) premotor cortex.

Walter Hess's experiments reveal that one of the functions of the brainstem is to: A) regulate blood osmolarity. B) regulate breathing and heart rates. C) produce species-typical behavior. D) produce behavior common across all species.

C) produce species-typical behavior.

Walter Hess's classic experiments on stimulating the brainstem in animals revealed that the brainstem controlled aspects of: A) sexual behavior. B) feeding behavior. C) grooming behavior. D) All of these answers are correct.

D) All of these answers are correct.

Locked-in syndrome can occur following damage to the: A) basal ganglia. B) brainstem. C) cerebellum. D) primary motor cortex.

B) brainstem.

The first direct evidence that the cortex controls movement was provided by: A) Wilder Penfield. B) Paul Broca. C) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig. D) John Hughlings-Jackson.

C) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig.

On the motor homunculus: A) all muscles are given equal representation. B) an inverse relation exists between motor control and the space allocated on the homunculus. C) areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation. D) no clear relation exists between movement precision and the amount of area allocated on the motor cortex.

C) areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.

The person MOST credited with mapping the human motor cortex was: A) Gustave Fritsch. B) Eduard Hitzig. C) Roberts Bartholow. D) Wilder Penfield.

D) Wilder Penfield.

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation in the motor homunculus? A) feet, hands, lips B) hands, feet, lips C) hands, lips, feet D) lips, feet, hands

C) hands, lips, feet

Early research on the motor cortex suggested that it _____; however, more recent work suggests that the motor cortex may actually _____. A) controlled individual muscle movements; store a repertoire of movement categories B) stored a repertoire of movement categories; control individual muscle movements C) controlled only reflexive movements; control both reflexive and voluntary movement D) controlled only learned movements; control both learned and innate movements

A) controlled individual muscle movements; store a repertoire of movement categories

The sensory and motor cortices are: A) stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after birth. B) stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after puberty. C) changed only in response to damage. D) continuously modified with learning and experience

D) continuously modified with learning and experience.

Neurons in the primary motor cortex: A) start to discharge just prior to a movement. B) discharge during a movement. C) increase their rate of firing if a weight is added to the movement apparatus. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Early research by Evarts demonstrated that movement force was related to: A) an increased number of neurons firing in primary motor cortex. B) larger (that is, greater amplitude) action potentials in neurons in premotor cortex. C) an increase in the rate of firing in neurons in premotor cortex. D) an increase in the rate of firing in neurons in primary motor cortex.

D) an increase in the rate of firing in neurons in primary motor cortex.

Motor cortex is activated when a person: A) plans a movement. B) imagines making a movement. C) executes a movement. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord is the: A) rubrospinal tract. B) tectospinal tract. C) corticospinal tract. D) pontospinal tract.

C) corticospinal tract.

The _____ controls limbs and digits, whereas the _____ controls mainly trunk muscles. A) lateral corticospinal tract; anterior corticospinal tract B) anterior corticospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract C) rubrospinal tract; lateral corticospinal tract D) lateral corticospinal tract; tectospinal tract

A) lateral corticospinal tract; anterior corticospinal tract

Neurons from the corticospinal tract project mainly to _____ in the spinal cord. A) motor neurons B) sensory neurons C) interneurons D) bipolar cells

C) interneurons

In the spinal cord, laterally located motor neurons project to the _____, whereas more medially located motor neurons project to the _____. A) trunk; limbs and digits B) limbs; trunk and feet C) arms; legs D) limbs and digits; trunk and shoulders

D) limbs and digits; trunk and shoulders

The limb regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons that move the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the _____, and the trunk regions of the motor homunculus are mainly involved in activating motor neurons that move the trunk primarily on the _____. A) same side of the body; opposite side of the body B) opposite side of the body; same side of the body C) same side of the body; same side of the body D) opposite side of the body; opposite side of the body

B) opposite side of the body; same side of the body

Neurons in the anterior corticospinal tract in the left hemisphere control _____ muscles on _____ of the body A) limb; the right side B) trunk; the right side C) trunk; both sides D) limb; both sides

C) trunk; both sides

What constitutes the "final common path"? A) sensory neurons B) muscles C) motor neurons D) the corticospinal tract

C) motor neurons

_____ muscles move the limb away from the trunk, whereas _____ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk. A) Extensor; flexor B) Flexor; extensor C) Dorsal; ventral D) Medial; lateral

A) Extensor; flexor

Which of the following is NOT part of the basal ganglia? A) globus pallidus B) amygdala C) caudate D) putamen

B) amygdala

Which of the following is NOT part of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia? A) the caudate nucleus B) the globus pallidus external C) the globus pallidus internal D) the putamen

B) the globus pallidus external

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia? A) the globus pallidus internal B) the thalamus C) the caudate nucleus D) the subthalamic nucleus

B) the thalamus

The neurotransmitter system that is MOST important for basal ganglia function is the: A) nigrostriatal dopamine system. B) mesolimbic dopamine system. C) acetylcholine system. D) norepinephrine system.

A) nigrostriatal dopamine system.

Damage to the _____ results in _____. A) substantia nigra; Huntington disease B) striatum; Huntington disease C) striatum; Parkinson disease D) putamen; Parkinson disease

B) striatum; Huntington disease

In the basal ganglia, movement excitation is to _____ as movement inhibition is to _____. A) putamen; globus pallidus B) direct pathway; indirect pathway C) indirect pathway; direct pathway D) subthalamic nucleus; thalamus

B) direct pathway; indirect pathway

The _____ contributes to motor control by adjusting the forces associated with movements, while the _____ compares the intended movement with actual movement for the improvement of movement skill. A) motor cortex; cerebellum B) cerebellum; basal ganglia C) basal ganglia; motor cortex D) basal ganglia; cerebellum

D) basal ganglia; cerebellum

Which of the following is NOT associated with Tourette syndrome? A) motor tics (for example, hitting, jumping) B) unwanted cries and vocalizations C) excessive levels of dopamine D) hypokinetic symptoms

D) hypokinetic symptoms

Brain imaging studies have noted DECREASED connectivity between the _____ in patients with Tourette syndrome. A) temporal cortex and frontal cortex B) frontal cortex and parietal cortex C) occipital cortex and parietal cortex D) None of these answers is correct.

B) frontal cortex and parietal cortex

The globus pallidus is an internal component of the basal ganglia that is involved in: A) skilled motor movements. B) determining whether a movement will be weak or strong. C) species-specific behaviors. D) involuntary motor behaviors.

B) determining whether a movement will be weak or strong.

Cellular recordings from the globus pallidus internal in patients with Parkinson disease show: A) excessive activity. B) underactivity. C) no activity. D) intermittent spikes of activity

A) excessive activity.

The flocculus of the cerebellum is involved in: A) control of balance and eye movements. B) control over the face and midline of the body. C) gross limb movements. D) fine finger and hand movements.

A) control of balance and eye movements.

The lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres control: A) movement of the body midline. B) movement of limbs and digits. C) eye movements. D) balance.

B) movement of limbs and digits.

The cerebellum consists of _____ distinct cell layer(s). A) one B) two C) three D) six

C) three

_____ are the primary output cells of the cerebellum. A) Purkinje cells B) Basket cells C) Stellate cells D) Pyramidal cells

A) Purkinje cells

The cerebellum's role in motor behavior is primarily involved with: A) timing of movements and maintaining movement accuracy. B) initiating movements and timing of movements. C) maintaining movement accuracy and initiating movements. D) All of the answers are correct.

A) timing of movements and maintaining movement accuracy.

If a patient with cerebellar damage is asked to throw darts while wearing a pair of glasses that shift the vision to the right, the patient will most likely: A) learn to adjust movements leftward to compensate for the visual shift. B) begin throwing farther and farther to the right on successive throws. C) fail to show any adaptation to compensate for the visual shift. D) learn to adjust movements rightward to compensate for the visual shift

C) fail to show any adaptation to compensate for the visual shift.

The motor system sends a copy of the instructions for a movement to the cerebellum via the: A) inferior olive. B) superior olive. C) basal ganglia. D) thalamus

A) inferior olive.

Which of the following receptors is MOST responsive to pain and temperature? A) Pacinian corpuscles B) free nerve endings C) Golgi tendon organs D) dendrites of alpha motor neurons

B) free nerve endings

_____ are critical for proprioception. A) Muscle spindles B) Golgi tendon organs C) Joint receptors D) Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors

D) Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors

Nociception is the perception of: A) fine touch. B) the location of one's body in space. C) pain. D) noise.

C) pain.

Pacinian corpuscles are most responsive to: A) movements of tendons. B) pain and temperature. C) pressure and flutter stimuli. D) movement of tendons and pressure.

C) pressure and flutter stimuli.

Hapsis is the perception of: A) fine touch. B) the location of one's body in space. C) pain. D) chemical irritants.

A) fine touch.

Proprioception is the perception of: A) fine touch. B) the location of one's body in space. C) pain. D) chemical irritants.

B) the location of one's body in space.

The three major classes of sensory receptors are: A) nociception, hapsis, proprioception. B) flocculoception, nociception, hapsis. C) stasisception, nociception, proprioception. D) flocculoception, nociception, proprioception.

A) nociception, hapsis, proprioception.

Which of the following receptors are rapidly adapting receptors? A) Meissner corpuscles B) Pacinian corpuscles C) Ruffini corpuscles D) All of these are rapidly accepting receptors.

D) All of these are rapidly accepting receptors.

Which of the following receptors are slowly adapting receptors? A) Meissner corpuscles B) Merkel receptors C) Ruffini corpuscles D) Pacinian corpuscles

B) Merkel receptors

Somatosensory information is carried from the body to the CNS by the: A) anterior-root ganglion neurons. B) posterior-root ganglion neurons. C) gamma somatosensory neurons. D) corticospinal tract

B) posterior-root ganglion neurons.

The haptic and proprioceptive axons form the: A) dorsal spinothalamic tract. B) ventral spinothalamic tract. C) caudal spinothalamic tract. D) rostral spinothalamic tract.

A) dorsal spinothalamic tract.

Information from the _____ crosses to the other side of the brain in the brainstem, whereas the _____ crosses to the other side of the brain in the spinal cord. A) anterior spinothalamic tract; posterior spinothalamic tract B) posterior spinothalamic tract; anterior spinothalamic tract C) lateral spinothalamic tract; medial spinothalamic tract D) medial spinothalamic tract; medial spinothalamic tract

B) posterior spinothalamic tract; anterior spinothalamic tract

Axons that carry information about pain and temperature form the: A) posterior spinothalamic tract. B) anterior spinothalamic tract. C) caudal spinothalamic tract. D) rostral spinothalamic tract.

B) anterior spinothalamic tract.

Both the posterior and anterior spinothalamic tracts send their signals to the _____ nucleus of the thalamus. A) ventrolateral B) ventromedial C) mediodorsal D) lateral geniculate

A) ventrolateral

Unilateral damage to the spinal cord will result in the loss of _____ on the same side of the body and loss of _____ on the opposite side of the body below the site of the damage. A) touch and proprioception; pain and temperature B) pain and temperature; touch and proprioception C) pain and touch; temperature and proprioception D) temperature and touch; pain and proprioception

A) touch and proprioception; pain and temperature

Research has demonstrated that phantom limb pain can be alleviated through the use of: A) further amputation. B) destroying remaining nerves in the limb stump. C) using a mirror to fool the sensory system into perceiving the missing limb. D) acupuncture.

C) using a mirror to fool the sensory system into perceiving the missing limb.

According to the gate theory of pain transmission, activity in the _____ can inhibit the pain pathway in the spinal cord. A) motor cortex B) haptic-proprioceptive pathway C) nociceptive pathway D) corticospinal pathway

B) haptic-proprioceptive pathway

Stimulation of the _____ is effective in reducing pain. A) amygdala B) thalamus C) periaqueductal gray matter D) cerebellum

C) periaqueductal gray matter

Pain in blood vessels and internal organs that is felt as pain at the body surface is known as: A) transferred pain. B) relocated pain. C) referred pain. D) transposed pain.

C) referred pain.

The vestibular system is in the: A) brainstem. B) cerebellum. C) middle ear. D) inner ear.

D) inner ear.

Action potentials in the semicircular canals are stimulated by: A) bending hair cells. B) the endolymph. C) the utricle and saccule. D) Pacinian corpuscles.

A) bending hair cells.

Hair cells in the vestibular system fire more action potentials when the hair: A) is bent in a specific direction. B) vibrates at a specific frequency. C) is moved with a specific force. D) cells remain motionless.

A) is bent in a specific direction.

Vestibular receptors convey information about: A) changes in the direction of movement. B) changes in the speed of movement. C) the position of one's body in relation to gravity. D) All of the answers are correct

D) All of the answers are correct.

The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the _____, while the secondary somatosensory cortex is located in the _____. A) precentral gyrus; postcentral gyrus B) parietal lobe; postcentral gyrus C) postcentral gyrus; parietal lobe D) precentral gyrus; parietal lobe

C) postcentral gyrus; parietal lobe

The homunculus on the primary somatosensory cortex is MOST similar to the homunculus found in the: A) primary motor cortex. B) secondary motor cortex. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia

A) primary motor cortex.

How many homunculi are present in the primary somatosensory cortex, according to the Kaas model? A) one B) three C) four D) five

C) four

Neurons in area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex are responsive to: A) muscle sense. B) slow-responding skin receptors. C) fast-responding skin receptors. D) pressure.

B) slow-responding skin receptors.

Damage to the primary somatosensory motor cortex results in: A) impaired sensory discrimination on the ipsilateral side. B) impaired sensory discrimination on the contralateral side. C) impaired sensory discrimination on both sides D) no impairment of sensory discrimination.

B) impaired sensory discrimination on the contralateral side.

Research has demonstrated that tickle perception is primarily due to: A) touch sensations. B) the predictability of the touch sensations. C) the unpredictability of the touch sensations. D) the laughter associated with tickling

C) the unpredictability of the touch sensations.

The inability to accurately complete a plan of motor action is called: A) ataxia. B) aphasia. C) apraxia. D) acalcula

C) apraxia.

The dorsal visual stream is the _____ stream, while the ventral visual stream is the _____ stream. A) what; how B) how; what C) where; how D) how; where

B) how; what