Philosophy and Ethics

Philosophy came from the Greek words ***philos*** and ***sophos***, meaning?

love and wisdom (Love of Wisdom)

Philosophy studies fundamental issues and problems concerning these 6 aspects. **Clue: EKV-RML**

existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, language,

The earliest beginnings of Philosophy happened in the 6th century BCE. Who were the 3 pre-Socratic philosophers/scientists who advanced revolutionary theories in 1) human knowledge; 2) human’s relationship with gods; and 3) natural world.

Thales, Heraclitus, Parmenides

What are the **four pillars of Philosophy**?

1. Theoretical Philosophy
2. Practical Philosophy
3. Logic
4. History of Philosophy

Which of the following statements about Philosophy is **untrue**?

a. Philosophy is associated with stargazing.

b. It asks clear questions with relevant answers.

c. It deals in a **clear, precise manner** about the complex nature of the real world and our place in it.

d. It is an attempt to understand the world. It also aims to see the **connection** between ideas.

**B** is untrue.

It asks questions about knowledge and the world. It is also associated with metaphysics and epistemology.

Theoretical Philosophy

It asks questions about how *ought* people should live their lives and challenges the legitimacy of social and political arrangements.

Practical Philosophy

It enables us to think critically. Like, what separates good from bad reasoning?

Logic

The last pillar of Philosophy wherein this is where we try to find how the greatest thinkers in the history of humankind answered all the questions.

History of Philosophy

All four areas of interests in the pillars of Philosophy are said to be grounded in facts and are responsive to theories put forth by experts--in the myriad of what disciplines?

Physics and Psychology

What are the **four major periods in the history of Philosophy**?

1. Ancient/Greek Period
2. Medieval/Renaissance Period
3. Modern Period
4. Contemporary Period

It is a branch of Philosophy that examines right & wrong **moral behavior, moral concepts, & moral language.** It involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right & wrong behavior (ie., questions of morality, the search to understand good vs. bad, moral ideas+goals, motives of choices, patterns of good/bad conduct).

Ethics

What are the 3 types/branches/example of moral concepts?

1. Justice
2. Virtue
3. Duty

Ethics is also known as what kind of Philosophy?

Moral Philosophy

Ethics is a **well-founded standard** of right and wrong that prescribes what humans ought to do in terms of:

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**Clue: ROB Special Fairies**

rights

obligations

benefits to society

specific virtues

fairness

What are the four branches of Ethics?

1. Descriptive Ethics
2. Normative Ethics
3. Meta Ethics
4. Applied Ethics

What branch of Ethics do these meanings imply?

* **study in beliefs on morality**
* **history/evolution of Ethics**
* **actual choices** made by ***moral agents in practice***
* involves **empirical investigation**
* record of **taboos, customs, and conventions**
* investigates **ethical ideas/condemned actions**
* gives **pattern/way of life** of people in different communities
* examines **ethical codes**
* the **value-fee ethics**

Descriptive Ethics

What branch of Ethics do these meanings imply?

* **study of** **ethical theories** that prescribe how people ought to act
* **examine the standards of rightness/wrongness**
* establish certain **theories on norm guidelines**
* suggests **punishment** to provide **justification**
* offers **moral principles** to __resolve difficult moral decisions__

Normative Ethics

1. Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics
2. Kant’s Deontological Ethics
3. Mill’s Consequentialism (Utilitarianism)
4. Bhagwad Gita’s Nishkaro Karmayoga

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These four are under what branch of Ethics?

Normative Ethics

What branch of Ethics do these meanings imply?

* It **answers what ethical terms/theories refer to**
* It **validates theories in Normative Ethics**
* **Analyzes ethical concepts**
* Usage of **moral concepts to evaluate human actions**
* **Tools in passing moral judgments**
* Seeks to understand the **nature of ethical properties and evaluations**
* Meaning of **moral language/metaphysics of moral facts**
* The meaning of **moral terms/judgments** and its nature, and how it can be supported/defended

Meta Ethics

What branch of Ethics do these meanings imply?

* It is recently developed
* It **provides guidance to public policy/law**. **(EMBEE)**
* There are **2 bad choices (moral dilemma)**
* Helps in using moral principles to present dilemma
* Apply **ethical theory to real-life situations**/facing a conflicting situation
* Critical/moral issues arise due to the irresponsibility/insensibility

Applied Ethics

Applied Ethics provides guidance to public policy/law and further develops into what?

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**Clue: EMBEE**

1. Environmental Ethics
2. Media Ethics
3. Business Ethics
4. Ethics of Legal Profession
5. Ethics of Care

What questions do not have absolute answers?

Ethical Questions

What issues are multifaceted?

Ethical Issues

What solutions are possible through consideration?

Satisfactory Solutions

Ethics came from the Greek word **ethos,** meaning?

character/custom

Morality came from what Greek word with the meaning *custom/manner.*

mores

What are the two things being talked about here:

* customs/manner in which people do things
* the way people act good/bad
* what activities are good/bad
* to learn good activities faster

Ethics & Morality

\[Ethics\]

Standards of good/bad by a community or social setting.

Social System

\[Ethics\]

Code of conduct in a workplace and religion principles are both examples of rules by what?

External Source

\[Ethics\]

These are standards by institutions which an individual belongs.

External Standards

\[Ethics\]

Social System of acceptable behaviors.

Framework

\[Ethics\]

The dictates of the society.

Culture

***TRUE OR FALSE***

Ethics is dependent on others for definition. It is only consistent within a certain context but it can vary between other contexts. Moreso, it is governed by professional/legal guidelines and therefore, can be considered objective.

TRUE

\[Morality\]

Something personal/normative.

Individual System

\[Morality\]

Someone’s own principle regarding what is right/wrong.

Internal Source

\[Morality\]

It is based on belief.

Faith

***TRUE OR FALSE***

Morality is influenced by culture and society. Thus, principles are created and upheld by individuals themselves. It is usually consistent, but it also changes when someone’s belief changes and therefore, is subjective and can transcend cultural norms.

TRUE

Ethics and Morality teaches us to consider whether our actions are right or wrong. What are the 4 character traits that helped humans flourish?

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**Clue: CHIF**

1. Compassion
2. Honesty
3. Integrity
4. Faithfulness

An _____________ may draw upon behavioral psychology to argue that humans should lead a certain kind of life.

Ethicist

A ____________ might help provide conceptual clarity and reasoning.

Metaphysician/Philospher of Science

Anno Domini (or A.D.) means what?

The Year of the Lord

It is a study that deals with the reality as it appears to us.

Phenomenology

Full name of Ethics professor

Jorge Sanchez Arellano, LPT, MaEd