Glycolysis Pathway

breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and producing 2 pyruvate molecules

glycolysis

enzymes that add phosphoryl group

kinases

enzymes that remove phosphoryl groups

phosphatases

rearrangement of groups on the substrate making a different molecule structure

isomerization

cleavage or splitting of bonds

fission

donating or accepting electrons

redox

remove two hydrogens and one oxygen; forms water and new bonds

dehydration reaction

location of glycolysis

cytosol

First step of glycolysis

glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

What type of reaction is step 1 of glycolysis?

phosphorylation reaction

What enzyme is used to turn glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

hexokinase; relative specificity

Glucose-6-phosphatase directly inhibits hexokinase via

feedback inhibition

Second step of glycolysis

glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

What type of reaction is glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?

isomerization reaction

What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?

glucose-phosphate isomerase

Third step of glycolysis

Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; committed step

What enzyme converts Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

phosphofructokinase activity depends on ...

ATP levels; high ATP, low PFK

Fourth step of glycolysis

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to DHAP and GAP

What enzyme cleaves fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to DHAP and GAP?

aldolase

Fifth step of glycolysis

DHAP to GAP

Enzyme that converts DHAP to GAP

triose-phosphate isomerase

Sixth step of glycolysis

GAP + Pi to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; reaction done twice

What enzyme converts GAP + Pi to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

seventh step of glycolysis

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP to 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

What enzyme converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP to 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

phosphoglycerate kinase

How much ATP is made during the seventh step of glycolysis?

2 ATP because the reaction occurs twice

Eighth step of glycolysis

3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

What enzyme converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?

phosphoglycerate mutase

Ninth step of glycolysis

2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

What enzyme converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)?

enolase

tenth step of glycolysis

PEP +ADP to pyruvate + ATP

What enzyme converts PEP +ADP to pyruvate + ATP?

pyruvate kinase

Net of step 10

2 pyruvate and 2 ATP

Polyol pathway/ sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway

glucose to sorbitol to fructose to fructose-6-phosphate

when is polyol pathway/ sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway activated?

when there is excess glucose

Step 3 and 10 of glycolysis are inhibited by ...

ATP

Step 1 of glycolysis is inhibited by ...

glucose-6-phosphate

Cori cycle; Pyruvate can be converted to lactate via the enzyme

lacate dehydrogenase

lactate converts NADH to

NAD+

lacate converted to the liver where it gets converted to...

pyruvate and into glucose