biomed Vaccines Test

first vaccine created

the first vaccine created by Edward Jenner in 1796 to treat smallpox. similar pathogen vaccine

When should you be vaccinated.

as a child 2 months old so your immune system can learn how to fight off the virus.

Toxoid vaccine

A vaccine that is responsible for killing the toxins that are produced by the virus (Not directly killing the virus itself). made by extracting the toxin produced by a bacteria that’s been grown in a lab, deactivating it (with formaldehyde), and administering it to patient to cause an immune response.

Example: Tetanus

Inactivated/killed vaccine

involves the use of a deactivated or killed pathogen that is incapable of replicating (still have shape and form) however still can cause an immune response. Grow virus in a tissue culture, separate DNA and kill it using heat/radiation. place dead virus into vaccine.

Example: Polio

attenuated vaccine

involves the use of modifying a pathogen to be somewhat similar to the actual virus however cause an immune response without bringing the entire disease into the immune system. grow virus in a tissue culture at a different temperature so that it cannot properly grow to its full potential. select strand of virus DNA that grows slow enough to cause an immune response

example: measles

similar pathogen vaccine

Involves the injection of a similar virus that does not cause as much harm as the actual virus in order to cause an immune response to form immunity against the actual virus. extract a similar version of the virus that is less lethal to humans and inject into immune system where it will then be recognized and killed when the actual virus enters the immune system. 

Example: smallpox

subunit vaccine

involves the extraction of a small part of the pathogen (protein coat) to be injected into the immune system in order to form immunity. extract DNA from virus and insert into yeast cell where it replicates the protein coat. Inject the protein coat into immune system which causes it to become aware of which antigens to target. (protein has no viral DNA so cant cause the disease itself)

example: hepatitis B

naked DNA vaccine

Involves the use of a gene from the virus DNA that causes an immune response to build up immunity. Use vectors to copy genes from virus PCR. Vectors produce proteins which together will cause an immune response. separate the vectors from the bacteria and place into vaccine. (Vectors cause immune response) (similar to live vaccine but less risk)

Example: HIV

herd immunity

• More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen.

• With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen.

• Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”.