flow chart of organic compounds part 2

alkenes to alcohol reaction type (+)

hydration

+ h2o, dilute acid catalyst

alcohol to alkenes reaction type (+)

dehydration

+ heat, concentrated acid catalyst

example of concentrated acid catalyst

H2SO4

what happens in dehydration

loss of water

haloalkanes to alcohol reaction type (+)

substitution

OH replaces Cl

glucose to alcohol reaction type (+)

fermentation

+ yeast, anaerobic conditions

anaerobic conditions characteristics

lack of o2, optimal warm temp, pH balance

primary alcohol to aldehydes reaction type (+)

oxidation

+ H + oxidant

secondary alcohol to ketone reaction type (+)

oxidation

+ H+ + oxidant

can ketones be oxidised further? if not, why

can’t oxidise further because there are no C-H bonds on C to break

can tertiary alcohols be oxidised? if not, why

no, because there are no C-H bonds on C to break, therefore would need to break C bonds from backbone which are much stronger

aldehydes to carboxylic acid reaction type (+)

oxidation

+ oxidant, H+/heat

oxidants that can be used

MnO4-

KMnO4

K2Cr2O7

K2CrO4

carboxylic acid to esters reaction type (+)

esterification under reflux

+ strong acid catalyst + alcohol + heat

carboxylic acid to amide reaction type (+)

condensation

+ amine

carboxylic acid to carboxylate ion reaction type (+)

neutralisation

+ base