AP Language and Composition Final Exam Guide

MLA Citation Format

Use author's last name and page number.

Short Quotes

Quotes should be 10 words or fewer.

Smoothly Embedded Quotes

Integrate quotes without repeating exact information.

Exigence Definition

The urgency or need prompting a response.

Rhetorical Situation Components

Includes Speaker, Purpose, Audience, Context, Exigence.

C.E.R. Parts

Claim, Evidence, Reasoning for body paragraphs.

Common Development Methods

Narration, comparison, contrast, description, definition, cause/effect.

Inductive Reasoning

Generalizing from specific instances to broader conclusions.

Deductive Reasoning

Applying general principles to specific cases.

Modes of Persuasion

Logos, ethos, pathos appeal to audiences.

Qualifiers in Argument

Used to limit claims and avoid absolutes.

Counterargument Importance

Addresses opposing views to strengthen argument.

Rebuttal Definition

Countering an opposing argument with evidence.

Logical Fallacies

Errors in reasoning to avoid in writing.

Cognitive Biases

Mental shortcuts affecting judgment and decision-making.

Thesis Statement Types

Explicit, implicit, and counterargument examples.

Common Evidence Purposes

Illustrate, clarify, associate, disassociate, set mood.

Audience Considerations

Beliefs, values, needs, and background influence writing.

Sweeping Generalizations

Broad statements that may not be true.

SPACE-CAT Components

Speaker, Purpose, Audience, Context, Exigence, Tone.