Unit 7 - AP Euro

MANIAC

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Conflict in the Balkans

Triple Alliance

Germany, Italy, Austria. Bismarck agrees to have Austria’s side if Russia attacks. Italy has conflict with France so Bismarck tells them to join to isolate France

Triple Entene

Britain, France, Russia

Three Emperors League

Established in 1873 between Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany created to keep peace between Austria-Hungary and isolate France. Created by Bismarck

Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty

If Germany has conflict, Russia will help and flip flopped. After Bismarck resigns, Wilhelm II doesn’t renew it and Russia formed alliances with France beecause they saw it as a threat

How did WWI begin?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austrian side of Austria-Hungary throne, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after being pushed by Germany (effect of having alliances)

The Black Hand

A revolutionary group that wanted to unite all Serbians, they’re behind the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand that sparked the beginning of the first world war

The Schlieffen Plan

Germany had enemies on both sides (France and Russia) and they thought Russia was more dangerous so they decided to go through Belgium to get through France. This leads Britain to join the war because Belgium is neutral and this plan is all about speed because Germany felt the need to win the war quickly

How WWI and Imperialism are connected

Fighting occured in the countries colonies which globalized the war even before the US joined

Western Front

Border between France, Belgium, and Germany

New Weapons

Machine gun, Tank, Rocket Artillery, Hand-held grenade, Zeppelins & Planes, Flamethrower, Uboat/submarine, chlorine and mustard gas

Fritz Haber

German Chemist who creates nitrogen fertilizer and invents chemical weapons due to nationalism

Trench Foot & Shell Shock

Decomposing body parts from constantly being in water which got bacteria in the water and spread to other men

PTSD due to living in constant fear and anxiety

Verdun

Largest Battle in WWI that started in Germany

Somme

1 Million deaths on both sides which weakened germany and was started by France

Marne

Where France cuts off Germany (failed schlieffen plan)

Invasion of Gallipoli & “Castle of Steel” by Massie

British lead attack that was supposed to help Russia but fails

Depicts the smell that came from the bodies on the ships that were based throughout the harbor

Armenian Genocide

Young Turks wanted to Turkify Turkey but lots of Christian Armenians lived there (Ottomans were Muslim). Due to Nationalism, The Ottoman Empire was no longer tolerant and many Armenians were killed during the war

How to sink Uboat

Cover the periscope, break it, or feed pigeons and let them use the bathroom all over it

US Preparing for war

US has been aiding Britain and France with supplies. Germany sinks Lusitania (held innocent passangers, including 100 americans). Germany apologizes and US tells them to stop or else. Germany complies for a little while and then sinks more of the US ships. US navy/army starts to build up just in case. US is very industrialized so it won’t be good if they join

Wilfred Owen

Wrote “Dulce et Decorum” or “Sweet and Fitting” which talks about what the war was actually like

Revolution of 1905

In January of 1905, workers marched the Winter Palace for reforms in Russia. On Bloody Sunday, Nicholas II ordered the army to open fire on the workers. Rebellions and strikes grew as a result and Nicholas II granted the October Manifesto which granted full civil rights and prompted a popularly elected duma

Russian Duma

Nicholas II had conflict with the duma and he dismissed them. A more radical and liberal duma was elected and they were also dismissed. He rewrites the law so that only conservatives will win so he essentially rigs the voting

February Revolution

Causes: Peasants still have to farm the land of Kulaks after serfdom is outlawed, no reforms being passed, banned vodka sales because he thought people were being unproductive and drunk, ineffectiveness in the war, food shortages

To support the army, Nicholas II travels to the front lines and he puts Alexandra and Rasputin in charge while hes gone. Foot shortages worsen and women revolt. Boyars (Russian nobles) assassinate Rasputin and Alexandra becomes depressed so leadership worsens. Nicholas Ii sends soldiers back to settle the revolutions but they end up joining it. Nicholas II steps down and Romanov Dynasty ends

Kulaks

Peasants that had more land

Soviets

Locally elected governments

The Provisional Government

Temporary government that’s a coalition of different groups of people. Was ran by Alexander Kerensky, he was conservative but shared power wit Petrograd Soviet of Workers which was a pro working government that wanted reforms. Some liberal reforms were passed. Kerensky’s major issue was not drawing Russia out the war because he thought it was their duty to see it out. He becomes more conservative (issued army order no. 1 which stripped the roles of army officials and let the army be worked by the people actually fighting) instead of staying socialist and he takes it back which angers both conservatives and liberals

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

Bolsheviks are radical socialists (red) and Mensheviks are everyone else that is moderate (white)

Lenin

After writing “What is to be done?” Lenin is exiled to Switzerland but he knows what’s happening in Russia. Germany wants Lenin in Russia to cause political instability so they ca end the war before the US joins so they help him back into Russia. He wants to give the people “Peace, Land, Bread”. Marxism needed capitalism, middle class, etc but Lenin skipped these steps. With the help of Trotsky and Bolshevik Army, they killed or captured anyone against his rule because he held elections and they weren’t looking good so he cancelled them. He kills the Romanovs after they abdicate in fear that the people will want them back. He believed that russians are too stupid without a catalyst and that revolution should be lead by him.

New Economic Policy

Provided some capitalism to the peasants (redistributed state controlled land to the peasents (not kulaks) for farming, the state will take some harvest and the rest call be sold by the peasents) because food shortages were still occuring. "Peace, Land, Bread”

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Ended the war with Germany but gave up 1/3 of their land that was prime farming landing which angered the Kulaks. Lenin wages war against their resistence

Lenin’s Policies

No freedom of speech or press, private property is collectivized (put into the hands of the government). He used generality to lie to the people and workers. He created the COMINTERN

Comintern (The Communist International)

Created by Lenin, offered services of the soviet union to any country that wants to be communist (mainly asian and european). This is similar to Robespierre and the National Assembly spreading revolution

After Lenin

Lenin dies in 1924 and is still viewed as a hero. He says that Stalin should never succeed him but never appoints someone to actually succeed him

Second Battle of Marne

Germany sent a massive wave of exhausted troops to invade France as a last effort to win but the fresh American Troops beat thim and this lead to the end of the war

Weimar Republic

Government formed after WWI that was controlled by the Social Democratic Party. But they were attacked by both Right Wing Nationalists and Left Wing Radical Communists. Many people believed in a dictatorship because it’s faster than this government due to conflicting ideologies and people need food and jobs. Agreeing to the Treaty of Versailles increased peoples dislike towards this government

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ends WWI, signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles which is where France was forced in surrender in the Franco Prussian War. France, Italy, US, and Britain redrew countries, Austria-Hungary is divided, Poland is back on the map, and their is a safe zone between France and Germany

Wilson’s 14 Point Plan

Peace without victory because if you designate someone as a loser they will be mad. Only poiint that was passed was the last one which is League of Nations

War Guilty Clause/Article 231

Declared that Germany was solely responsible for the war. They had to pay reparations of 55 billion and had to give up territory to France. This is the same thing that France had to do after the Franco-Prussian war and this hurt pride will lead to another war. This made Germans hate the Weimar Republic

League of Nations

Created apart of Wilson’s 14 Point Plan. Wilson wanted to join but he couldn’t convince the senate so France or Britain didn’t join either so it was pretty ineffective.

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)

France receives Lebanon, Syria, and a big portion of Turkey. Britain receives Palestine and Iraq. Mustafa Kemal controlled ruled Turkey and fought back against France

Balfour Declaration

Agreement that British state would be willing to help create a Zionist state for Jewish people using their mandate, Palestine

The Lost Generation

Surviviors of war (everyone in that time period) question everything. They’re pessimistic and disillusioned. Began questioning religion and questitoning science (the technology caused destruction). Liberalism and capitalism were also questioned because WWI was seen as a capitalistic war

Friedrich Nietzsche

Logical Positivism

Through science, if something can’t be empirically explained, it’s nonsense. Things like trying to find the meaning of life or the existence of God fall into this category

Existentialism

Existence is meaningless and an individual searching for moral values is important. Your decisions are the essence of who you are. Often believed by Atheists and Anti-Mirandollas (because he believed humans are special)

Jean-Paul Sartre

French existentialist. He believes that humans aren’t special and theres no God that helps people be good, that relies on the person. The life you lead is dependent on you

Albert Camus

Author and post WWII existentialist. Wrote “The Stranger” which opening line is “Mother died today” and it’s emotionless and meaningless

Soren Kierkegaard

Christian Existentialist who was Lutheran but did not believe in organized religion. He says anxiousness and nervousness are proof that God exists because you’re looking for relief and God gives you that relief He believed that people are scared to be alone but that needs to be accepted

Karl Barth

Christian Existentialist. Promoted God and God’s grace. He believed that people were sinners but the only way to get past that is through God

Albert Einstein

He was a German scientists who invalidated Newtons ideas because his understandings are deeper. He understands the relationship between energy and matter and discovers the huge amount of energy in an atom. Develops the theory of Relativity and says that the idea of time is a human concept

Relativity

Only constant in the universe is the speed of light, everything else is relative to the person viewing it

Marie Curie

Discovers radiation with her husband and dies from radiation poisoning. Can be compared to De Chatelet because they both contributed to science. Contributes to atomic bomb

Max Planck

Discovers Quantum Theory. Contributes to atomic bomb

Ernest Rutherford

Identifies parts of an atom. Contributes to atomic bomb

Solvay Conference (1927)

Scientific conference where knowledge was shared among scientists. Einstein and Marie Curie were there

Werner Heisenberg

Deeper look into physics/atoms

Sigmund Freud

Focused on the unconscious mind, believes that dreams have a meaning and apply to life, id - devil/pleasure, ego - action, superego - angel/morals, ideas are believed because people are rejecting rationalism(lost gen), brought the idea of psychology into mainstream media

Functionalism

Buildings are made to be functional and are made with cheaper materials

Bauhaus (school)

Art school in Germany that emphasized functionalism

Impressionism

Builds off of realism, it’s a first impression that lacks detail (Monet, Renoir)

Post-Impressionism

Takes a realistic subject and portrays it in an unrealistic way, exaggerated colors (Van Gogh, Cezanne, Seurat)

Bauhaus

Completely geometric in an imaginative way (Klee)

Cubism

Geometric shapes and breaking art rules, mostly 2-dimensional (Picasso)

Movies

Offered an escape to get away form the war and depression

D.W Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation heroizes the KKK

Radios

Radios hosted polls, elections, and sporting events. They were inexpensive and everyone of all statuses could have one. They were a connective piece of technology. Used for propaganda from leaders like Hitler and Lenin

Triumph de Willens

Created by Riefanstahi and the producer was Hitler. Glamorizes Hitler and the Nazi Party

The Waste Land by T.S Elliot

Bleak and detached poem about how the world was post- world war 1

John Maynard Keyens

British economist who denounced the Treaty of Versailles because it impoverished Germany. He believed that going through with the treaty will damage Europe’s economy, not just Germany

France after WWI

France is left alone after WW1 because France, Britain, and US were not a tight alliance. So France formed an alliance with Poland and the Little Entente

Germany could not pay reparations

Germany could not keep up with payments so they asked for a pause, Britain said yes and France said no. France and Belgium invaded and occupied the Ruhr district which was a very industrialized part of Germany and Germany can’t fight back because they have no defensive military

German Hyperinflation

Weimar Republic tells the Germans to just stop working and this makes things worse, their only solution was to print more money which caused inflation. This lead people to hate the Weimar Republic including communists and Jewish because they were well off and the Nazi Party used this to their advantage

Gustav Stresemann

1923, Head of Weimar Republic. Tells people to Ruhs district to stop resisting and start paying reparations but there must be some sort of negotiation. He was supported by many socialists and negotiated a friendly relationship with France. He is responsible for the Dawes Plan, Spirit of Locarno, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact

Dawes Plan

US leaves WW1 very economically successful and recognize that Britain and France still owe them for weapons but also recognize the weak state that Germany is in. The give $2.5 billion dollars to pay reparations and the Germans give $2 billion to Britain and France keep the rest for internal affairs, Britain and France give that to US plus extra for the weapons they borrowed. US is making a profit but this ends once the Great Depression hits

Spirit of Locarno

Agreement to settle disagreements peacefully

Stresemann’s treaties

Germany, France, and Switzerland pledged to accept current borders

Britain and Italy pledged to fight either Germany or France if the pact is broken

Boundary disputes settled with Poland and Czechoslovakia

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928, Illegal to threaten war in a conflict/negotiation but this has no real enforcement so it’s useless

Hitler

WW1 Veteran, heard of removal of WIlhelm II and cried which showed his dedication to his country, angry that Germany will lose. He came into power by taking advantage of Germany’s power (conditions of treaty, hyperinflation, and relying on US for money). He is open about wanting to destroy the internal enemies of Germany (Jewish) and calls the Versailles treaty the “Great Betrayal” of 1918 because he blames the Weimar Republic.Wrote My Struggle during his time in prison which popularized the Nazi Party. He was elected into power like Mussolini. Convinced Hindenburg to go through which the Enabling Act where he passed the Nuremberg Laws, did the Night of the Long Knives, produces Triumph Of The Will, created the Exhibition of Disgrace, and made a deal with Volkswagen

Beer Hall Putsch

Nazi Party and German Military try to overthrow Bavaria. Hitler’s private security, the Brownshirts, and the military don’t get along. The goal was to convince the people of Bavaria to rise up and revolt against the Weimar Republic but this fails. HItler is arrested for this, arrested for treason, and spends 1 year in prison. Writes “My Struggle'“ while in prison which talks about his ideologies, including anti-semitism

How was US entered into great depression

US loaned $110 million to Germany because US thinks Germany will improve and US will make profit but US economy bottoms out and effects European countries. When depression hits in US, people fire workers and governments pull money out the economy (not a good solution)

Causes of Great Depression

Buying on margin: when investing you can pay a little amount and with the money made it goes to the stockbroker, paying with credit which occurred during the roaring 20’s which made people seem rich, stock market crash, and bank failures (banks invest the money you deposit so money was lost)

Popular Front

Present in France and SPain. ALliance between leftist parties (communists, radicals, socials) against Fascism. Led by Leon Blum

Spanish Civil War

The Popular Front took over after the abdication of Alfonso XIII due to dislike because of bad conditions (depression). But the army, aristocracy, and church disliked their rules. Franco and the army led the revolt against the government which lead to Spanish Civil War. It was the first physical war against Fascism (like WWII). Franco received aid from Germany (against treaty of Versailles) and Italy. The republican gov received aid from Soviet Union. Franco wins and Spain is fascist

Absolutists vs Dictators

A: If you didn’t cause problems you were left alone and had some freedom

Dictators: Had complete control over radios and movies. Had an easier and stronger desire to take control of people

Radical Totalitarianism Dictatorships

Emerged in Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy. Rejected Parliament and liberal ideas, and had total control over society

Mussolini

He comes into power by Victor Emmanuel III disbanding Parliament and Fascists are elected, Influenced by Marx, Despised Socialism (helping the week), goal is to end chaos/depression and bring Italy back to it’s strongest state, '“Mussolini Is always right”, supporters are blackshirts, signed Lateran Pacts, and he befriended businessmen and industrialists because under communism their businesses would be communal

FASCISM Acronym

Forget democracy/communism

Authoritarian

State/Nation is everything

Conservative/Corporate

Individualism shunned

Sacrifice for the state

Militant

Lateran Agreement

Signed in 1929, the church will get money to declare Italy one unified state (including Vatican) and validate Mussolini. Similar to Napoleon and Concordant of 1801

Liquidation of the Kulaks

Kulaks were seen as capitalists under the NEP which was put into place by Lenin. Stalin collectivized the wealthiest Kulaks land. But the peasants resisted this by destroying crops. Stalin’s response was to expand to all Kulaks, not just the most wealthy, and he was successful. But this had consequences on peasants and the state

Famine in the Ukraine

Peasents burnt crops and killed livestock in response to collectivization. This resulted in famine in Ukraine who survived off of farming because crops were used to feed industrial workers or used for industry

Great Purges (1936-1938)

During the Great Purges, old Bolsheviks who supported Lenin were executed or put on trial. This also occurred with communists, high army officials, labor unions, and even citizens that were viewed as enemies. some were even sent to the Gulags

Soviet Gulags

Labor Camps created by Stalin. Conditions are bad due to cold weather, bad food, forced labor, and limited resources

Potemkin Village

The facade that Stalin put up for foreign heads of state. It showed the good side of the Soviet Union but hid the millions of people dying

Stalin’s Five Year Plan

Stalin’s goals of the 5 year plan was to build a strong base of heavy industry, aim for self sufficiency, and create modern infrastructure. These goals were very unattainable and forced factories to be open 24/7 and have brutal conditions. This contributed to a lot of deaths and if the goals were achieved the bar was raised. This went on for 15 years

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Wrote about the bad conditions in labor camps

Rape of Nanking

Japan wanted to expand through Asia to fix depression. They take control of and imperalize Manchuria, China. As a result, over 200,000 people are killed and Japan is reprimanded from L.O.N and leave but continue to be aggressive

Enabling Act

Hitler was granted absolute dictatorial power for 4 years from Hindenburg, head of Weimar Republic. He launched a public works program which created jobs to build sewers, roads, bridges, etc. This also improved the standard of living

Night of The Long Knives

June of 1934, Hitler sees SA/Brown shirts as a threat and killed people who helped get him into power

Nuremberg Laws

Laws passed by Hitler that tell the Jewish what they can and can’t do, no interracial marriage, must wear Star of David

Exhibition of Disgrace

Hitler loved art and almost went to art school but was not accepted. He hated realism, impressionism, and post impressionism and he takes those paintings and puts them on display