Chapter 1: Intro to Biotechnology

What is the definition of biotechnology?

Giving nature a set of tools.

What are the three traditional biotechnology products?

Yogurt, bread, cheese

What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?

Therapeutic drugs, enzymes in laundry detergents

When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

1970s

When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?

8000 BC

When was wine first invented?

4000 BC

Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?

Sumerians and Egyptians, 2000 BC

What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?

Moldy soybean curds, chinese, 500 BC

Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?

Edward Jenner, 1796

Who discovered proteins?

Jons Jakob Gerzelius

When was the Origin of Species published?

1859

When was pasteurization first developed?

1861

When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

1865

Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?

Louis Pasteur in 1885.

When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?

1919

Who discovered penicillin? What year?

Alexander Fleming in 1928.

Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic information?

Oswald Avery

When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?

1953

When was mRNA discovered?

1961

When was the gene first completely synthesized?

1971

When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?

1977

When was DNA fingerprinting first used?

1984

When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?

1986

What was the first cloned mammal? What year?

Sheep, 1997

When was Golden Rice developed?

1999

When was the first HPV vaccine approved?

2003

When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?

2010

When was CRISPR/CAS9 used for gene editing?

2012

When were mRNA vaccines first used?

2021

What are the different sectors in biotechnology?

Life sciences, healthcare, agriculture, forensics, national defense

What are the key techniques in biotechnology?

Chromatography, gene transfer, protein purification

What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?

Should we do it just because we can

What are the tools in biotechnology?

Whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins

What are two of the key instruments in biotechnology?

Molecular biology, cell biology, and genetic engineering

What is chromatography

Sorting

What is gene transfer

Delivery system

What is protein purification?

Final product

What is a spectrophotometer

Quantifies DNA, Proteins via light

What is a PCR

Amplifies DNA, used in diagnostics, forensics, cloning

What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense

Biodefense= Detection + Recontamination + Vaccines

Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was the product

Genentech, Insulin

What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries

chemical drugs (B pharma) and biological drugs (biotech)

Who are the key users of biotechnology

FDA, EPA USDA, OSHA

What is genomics

Study of entire genome

What is pretomics

Study of protein expression

What is precision medicine

Targeted therapies based on genetic profile

What happens during phase I clinical trials

Testing safety

What happens during phase II clinical trials

Effectiveness

What happens during phase III clinical trials

Confirming results

What happens during drug discovery phase of drug devolopment

Lab/animal studies

What are the four common hazards in lab

Chemical, biological, physical, fire-related

What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety

Training, PPE, Procedural Awareness

What must initial and recurring training cover

Equipment location, safe handling, emergency response

What is PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

When should PPE be worn

At all times

What is eye protection

Goggles

What is hand protection

Gloves

What are body/foot protection

Lab coats, closed-toe shoes

What is the MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheets

When should fume hoods be used

Handling volatile or hazardous substances

What are Biosafety levels

BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3 and BSL-4

What is BSL 1?

Non-disease causing organisms

What is BSL 2?

Moderate

What is BSL 3 and BSL 4?

High-level

How should microorganisms be disposed?

Autoclaving

What tools measure volume

Graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, pipettes

What tools measure mass

Analytical balance

What is normal body temp

37 degrees celsius

What is normal room temperature

22 degrees celsius

What pH meters

Measured using pH meters with electrodes

How should glassware be cleaned

IDK

What is an autoclave

121 Celsius, 15-20 PSI

What are the different methods for disinfection

bleach, ethanol, UV light

What is the purpose of a lab notebook

To document, purpose, methods, results, conclusions

What are SI units

grams, liters, celsius

What is the dilution formula

C1V1= C2V2