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Cartography - The science of making maps

Connections - Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

Cultural Ecology - Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

Cultural landscape - the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Culture - the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization

Density - the spatial property of being crowded together

Arithmetic Density - The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Agricultural Density - The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Physiological Density - The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Diffusion - the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Contagious Diffusion - The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Expansion Diffusion - The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Hierarchical Diffusion - The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Relocation Diffusion - The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Distance Decay - The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Friction of Distance - the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

Distribution - the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning

Environmental determination - 19th-20th century ideology that the physical environment caused human activities

Equator - an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles

GIS - A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

GPS - a navigational system involving satellites and computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver

Globalization - growth to a global or worldwide scale

Hearth - the region from which innovative ideas originate

International date line - An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

Latitude - an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator

Longitude - an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator

Mercator projection - a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder

Place - a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character

Possibilism - The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Prime Meridian - meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England)

Projection - the system used to transfer locations from earth's surface to a flat map

Region - a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth

Formal Region - An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional Region - a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it

Vernacular Region - A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

Remote sensing - The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

Robinson projection - Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

Scale - the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it

Sequent occupance - the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Site - physical position in relation to the surroundings

Situation - physical position in relation to the surroundings

Space - the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

Space-time compression - the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

Spatial perspective - observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

Stimulus diffusion - The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Time zones - one of the 24 regions or divisions of the globe approximately coinciding with meridians at successive hours from the observatory at Greenwich, England.

Toponym - the name by which a geographical place is known

uneven development - The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.