Key Concepts in Industrial Economy and Society

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36 Terms

1

Enclosures

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms.

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2

Rural

Relating to the countryside rather than the town.

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3

Raw Materials

Basic materials from which products are made.

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4

Flying Shuttle

A device that allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics.

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5

Back-to-back houses

Houses that are built directly behind one another, sharing a wall.

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6

Disease

A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant.

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7

Industry

The production of goods or services within an economy.

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8

Coal

A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock used as a fuel source.

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9

Laissez-Faire

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

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10

Urban

Relating to a city or town.

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11

Capitalism

An economic system where private individuals own and control property and businesses.

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12

Livestock

Farm animals raised for commercial purposes.

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13

Propaganda

Information, especially biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause.

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14

Manufacture

The process of making products from raw materials.

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15

New Animal Breeds

Animals that have been selectively bred for specific traits.

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16

Union

An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights.

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17

Seed Drill

A device that sows seeds at the correct depth and spacing.

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18

Four Crop Rotation

A farming practice that involves rotating four different crops to maintain soil fertility.

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19

Textiles

Cloth or fabric produced by weaving or knitting.

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20

Cottage Industry

A small-scale industry where products are made at home.

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21

Steam Engine

A heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam.

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22

Spinning Jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame used to spin yarn.

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23

Water Frame

A spinning frame that uses water power to produce stronger yarn.

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24

Mule

A hybrid spinning machine that combines features of the spinning jenny and water frame.

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25

Luddites

A group of English workers who destroyed machinery as a protest against industrialization.

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26

Chimney Sweep

A person who cleans the soot from chimneys.

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27

Trapper

A person who traps animals for their fur or other resources.

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28

Phossy Jaw

A disease caused by exposure to white phosphorus, affecting the jaw.

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29

Piecer

A worker who joins together broken threads in textile production.

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30

Child Labour

The practice of employing children in work that deprives them of their childhood.

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31

Knocker Up

A person employed to wake workers by tapping on their windows.

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32

Nightsoil Man

A person who collects human waste from privies.

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33

Rat Catcher

A person who catches rats, often for pest control.

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34

Cesspit

A pit for the disposal of sewage and waste.

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35

Vermin

Wild animals that are believed to be harmful to crops, farm animals, or health.

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36

Smog

Fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants.

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