Types of Bonding

Octet rule

All elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons

Chemical bonds

Atoms form these with other atoms to obtain the electrons they need to attain a stable electron configuration

Ions

Charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

Ionic bonds

Bonds formed between ions through electrostatic attraction

Covalent bonds

Bonds formed when atoms share electrons

Polar covalent bonds

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally between atoms

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally between atoms

Cation

A positively charged ion

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Electronegativity

The measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond

Hydrogen bonds

Weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

δ+ (Delta +)

Symbol indicating a partial positive charge on an atom

δ- (Delta -)

Symbol indicating a partial negative charge on an atom

Water molecule

Polar molecule with bent shape and polar covalent bonds

Methane

Nonpolar molecule with tetrahedral shape and nonpolar covalent bonds

Carbon dioxide

Nonpolar molecule with linear shape despite having polar covalent bonds